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The World of the Romans Chapter 6 Early History Early community built on plain of Latium (Latins) 753 BC - Rome founded along Tiber River Legend of Romulus and Remus – twins raised by a wolf Romulus slays Remus and builds Rome on 7 hills Geography Peninsula – juts into Mediterranean Apennine Mountains Fertile Plains (Po Valley) Tyrrhenian Sea (W), Adriatic Sea (E) Geography did NOT divide – – – – More farmland; food 18 miles from sea (far enough from raiders) Juts into Mediterranean – trade Built on hills – easy to defend Greek & Etruscan Influence Latins – earliest Romans Greeks – olives, vineyards, alphabet, architecture, culture, literature Etruscans – toga, organization of army, building projects, arch Roman Republic 509 BC – Republic established (last Etruscan king thrown out) Roman Confederation – people could run affairs; hoped to be citizens; provided soldiers Successes – Good diplomats – Firm, cruel when necessary; crushed rebellions – Extended citizenship; allowed to rule own affairs – Practical; built colonies, roads, harbors; efficient Republic cont. 2 Consuls elected for 1 year – led armies Senate – 300 – could make laws Patricians – ruling class, great landowners, could be consuls Plebeians – Craftsmen, merchants, small farmers; little power Struggles between the two resulted in more power – Council of the plebs; tribunes Twelve Tables – 451 BC - Laws written for plebeians Punic Wars Carthage – founded 800 BC by the Phoenicians Coast of Africa; spread to Sicily, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia Made Romans nervous Led to a series of wars called the Punic Wars Punic Wars cont. 1st (264 BC) Rome built its navy and defeated Carthage in Sicily; made it Rome’s first province 2nd (218 BC) Hannibal crossed into Spain with horses, elephants; crossed the Alps (most animals died) Huge toll on Roman Army; Rome invades Carthage – Carthage loses Spain; becomes another Roman province Hannibal’s army crossing the Alps Punic Wars cont. 3rd – 50 years later Rome totally destroys Carthage; 50,000 sold into slavery; became the province of Africa; Later Macedonia, Greece and Asia Minor made provinces Rome is master of the Mediterranean Sea Section 2 – Fall of the Republic Growing inequality and unrest – Senate controlled by small, wealthy few – Small farms forced out by large ones; landless poor, drifting, slave labor Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus wanted land to give to poor; both Senators killed; more instability and violence Army – power shifts to local generals; loyalty to general not to the state Competition for Power Crassus – richest man in Rome Pompey – military hero in Spain Julius Caesar – military hero in Spain also Formed First Triumvirate – government by 3 people – Pompey – Spain – Crassus – Syria (killed in Syria) – Caesar – Gaul (France) 1st Triumvirate Senators feared Caesar the most; refused to relinquish his power Crossed the Rubicon into Rome, defeated Pompey 44 BC made dictator for life Reforms – Land to poor, increased Senate to 900 (weakens Senate) – Citizenship to provinces, introduced Egyptian calendar (365 days); building projects Caesar cont. 44 BC – Senate kills Julius Caesar Power struggle – Octavian (grandnephew) and Mark Antony Antony allies w/Cleopatra of Egypt Battle of Actium – Octavian crushes army of Cleopatra & Antony (both commit suicide) End of the Roman Republic (27BC) Roman Empire Octavian given title of Augustus by Senate First Roman Emperor (imperator) Roman legion (military) very powerful Civil service, expanded frontier, public buildings; strong gov’t. that lasted centuries Extends power of Rome into Balkans Pushed to Danube; stopped by *Germanic tribes Early Empire (27BC - 180AD) Pax Romana – 200 years of peace Power of emperor grew but: – Peace, building projects, public works – Aqueducts, bridges, roads, harbors – Hadrian’s wall in Britain The Roman Empire Tomb of Augustus The Pantheon Ceiling of Pantheon Trajan’s Marketplace The Appian Way Hadrian’s Wall Colosseum Floor Roman Forum Segovia Aqueduct Via de Mecurio Early Empire cont. Difficult to maintain empire 3.5 million square miles 50 million people Latin and Greek (west and east) mix and become Greco-Roman culture Trade routes all the way to China! Farming chief occupation; great gap between rich and poor Culture & Society Took writings & art of Greece Educated Greek slaves were tutors Poet – Virgil Livy – history of Rome – celebrated Rome’s greatness; Horace - satire *Law – Law of nations; natural law based on reason; standards of justice for all (innocent until proven guilty; can defend oneself, etc.) Family Paterfamilias – male was absolute authority Divorce common Some tutors for girls but pushed to marry Changed over time – husband became less powerful Women were respected companions Slavery Common practice – most from Italy and were part of the family After conquest of Mediterranean, more slaves Greeks in demand as tutors, doctors, musicians, artists Horrible conditions for many; revolts, especially in Sicily 73 BC Spartacus (gladiator) leads 70,000; killed and 6,000 followers executed Daily Life Rome crowded and dangerous at night Gap between rich and poor Fires a constant threat No plumbing, heat Magnificent public buildings – temples, baths, markets, theatres, arches, amphitheaters Poor relied on gov’t. grain; malnutrition Daily Life cont. Public shows were huge spectacles Circus Maximus – chariot races Theatrical performances Gladiators – most popular shows; fought at the Colosseum Gruesome fights; thousands of animals slaughtered Coliseum Tunnels http://www.history.com/videos/romeengineering-an-empire---coliseum-tunnels Coliseum Video http://www.history.com/videos/romeengineering-an-empire---coliseum Christianity Romans were polytheistic (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Mars, etc.); modeled Greeks Tolerant of other religions Judea (Jewish kingdom) had been made a Roman province; led by Procurator, a Roman official Conflicts among Jews about cooperation with Rome Christianity Jesus of Nazareth began preaching Importance of not adhering to the letter of the law but transforming the inner self; love God and one another; humility, charity, love Basis for western civilization (JudeoChristian) Some welcomed him as the messiah; upset others Christianity cont. To Romans, seen as a revolutionary who could cause an uprising Denounced on all sides, turned over to Romans Pontius Pilate had him crucified (common method then) Followers said he came back as a savior – Christos (the anointed one - messiah) Christianity cont. Paul preached that Jesus came for our sins, therefore, by accepting Jesus, could achieve salvation Passed on in writings – New Testament Christianity grew through the empire (structure of Rome actually helped – roads) Rome grew nervous, Christians refused to worship state gods and emperors Christianity cont. Seen as treason; persecuted intermittently throughout history Nero began this Strengthened in 2nd and 3rd centuries Offered much: – Salvation – Gave life meaning beyond daily world – Jesus as human was easy to relate to Christianity cont. – Initiation was easy - baptism – Fulfilled human need to belong – Attractive to all classes, especially poor and powerless – Spiritual equality Christianity cont. 4th Century – Constantine became the first Christian emperor 313 – Edict of Milan gave tolerance of Christianity Theodosius the Great (378-395) – Christianity becomes official religion of the Roman empire http://www.history.com/videos/therise-of-christianity-in-the-romanempire Decline of Rome Invasions & attacks by pirates at sea, civil wars, gap between rich & poor Trade declines, farms production declines, plague Agriculture suffered due to constant war, drought, etc. Decline of traditional values/morals; decadence – Gladiator fights/death every day Financial strain – had to pay armies more, high taxes, inflation Mercenaries (paid soldiers) hired, less loyalty to Rome Government handouts of food – welfare state? Decline cont. Failed to advance technologically due to use of slaves Christian emphasis on spirituality weakened military virtues? Lead poisoning? (plumber comes from Latin word plumbum, which means lead) Unable to put together a workable political system Problems with succession – effective way to go from one leader to the next Attempts at Reform Diocletian and Constantine tried to make reforms Empire divided; built Constantinople (Byzantium) new capital (prosperous, stable) But shifts power away from the west (Rome) to the east (Constantinople) Lives on successfully another 1,000 years! Decline cont. After Constantine, west under increasing pressure from invaders Huns from Asia moved into Europe, put pressure on German Visigoths; moved into Rome as allies, soon revolted 410 AD – Vandals sacked Rome (Rome sacked several times) 476 AD – Romulus Augustulus last emperor – considered end of Rome East remained free from invasion for 1,000 years (Byzantine Empire) Legacy of Rome Architecture/Engineering – roads, bridges, aqueducts, majestic marble buildings, arch, dome, column; Colosseum Language – Latin is root of romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese) Preserved intellectual heritage of the Greeks (known as Greco-Roman) Law Law – codified laws, impartial and humane All are equal before the law, guaranteed legal protection Burden of proof on accuser; juries Unreasonable or unfair laws can be set aside (Judicial Review) Judeo-Christian values Fall of Rome http://www.history.com/videos/the-fall-ofrome Greco Roman Legacy Greece Philosophy – think, reason, logic, question, examine Arts – theatre, satire, literature, pottery Architecture – columns, temples (Parthenon) Science, math, astronomy, medicine DEMOCRACY Rome Engineering, practicality, roads, buildings, aqueducts Military – Roman legion Practicality Christianity Republic (representation) to Empire Latin LAW