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Greek Influence on Early Italians • Greeks traders sailed up the Italian Peninsula around 900 B.C. • 750 B.C. to 500 B.C. Greeks set up farming communities in southern Italy and Sicily • Planted olive trees and grapevines • Introduced their alphabet to Italians Geography of Italian Peninsula • Rome—Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers • Italian Peninsula • Alps—Protection • Mediterranean Sea—Protection, seaborne commerce Greeks wanted to Colonize: • Italy’s central location in Mediterranean Sea • Italy’s rich soil and mild, moist climate • Silt blocked mouths of river and created swamps- Italians suffered epidemics of malaria and other diseases carried by mosquitoes • Italians traded w/ themselves- Alps blocked Italian Swamp Italian Alps Mediterranean Sea Indo- Europeans • Between 900 B.C. and 500 B.C. the Etruscans ruled northern Italy from the plains of Etruria • Did not speak Indo-European languagealphabet from Greeks • Etruscan Art- expressive, needs no translation Etruscan Civilization 500 B.C. Etruscan Wall Paintings and Sculpture Etruscan Society • • • • Wealthy overlords Aristocratic priests Slave labor Wealthy overlords enslaved people to provide them w/ luxury and aristocratic priests sacrificed prisoners to appease Gods • Repeated revolts- The Latins/lower class freed from Etruscan rule Etruscan Alphabet Etruscan Overlord Etruscan Aristocracy Rise of Rome Legend v. Truth • Legend of Romulus and Remus: Twins left to be raised by wolves- each wanted to create own city- Romulus killed Remus in a fit of rage- Romulus built Rome • Truth of Rome: Between 800 B.C. and 700 B.C.- Latins in villages on 7 hills joined and formed one communityCommunity became Rome Romulus kills Remus Famous sculpture of Romulus and Remus Etruscan Rule • 620 B.C.- Etruscan gain control of Rome • Tarquins- Etruscan Family- ruled over Romans – Built w/ brick and roof houses with tile – Drained marshy lowlands and laid out city streets – Created Forum- center of city- seat of Roman Government – Built temples, taught religious rituals, elevated Rome to one of most wealthy in Italy Etruscan Temple Etruscan House in Rome Tarquin the Proud • Came into power in 534 B.C. • Cruelties angered the Romans and in 509 B.C. , they drove Tarquins out • Etruscan artisans stayed in Rome helping the city continue to prosper Social structure in the Roman Republic • Patricians—Powerful nobility (few in number) – Declared Rome a Republic where people elect leaders • Plebeians—Majority of population – Wealthy non-aristocratic people, merchants, shopkeepers, farmers and laborers • Plebeians and Patricians had rights- vote, paying taxes, serving in military • Plebeians could NOT hold public office like Patricians • Slaves—Not based on race Roman Patricians Roman Plebeians Roman Slaves Citizenship • Patrician and plebeian men • Selected foreigners • Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service) Roman Government • Patricians organized Rome’s Government into Executive and Legislative Branches Roman Senate Legislative Branch • Consisted of the Assembly of Centuries and the Senate- both under Patrician rule • Assembly of Centuries- elected officials of executive branch • Senate- 300 Patrician men-served for life- had a lot of power • Senate advised consuls, debated foreign policy, proposed laws, approved contracts (roads, temples, and defenses) Executive Branch • Headed by consuls- patrician officials elected for one-year terms • Consult one another before acting • Veto (“I Forbid”) the other’s decision • Oversaw executive officials- praetors/judges, censors/keepers of tax and population records • Only Dictator could overthrow consuls- only in time of crisis Roman Consuls Cincinnatus- 458 B.C. • Most admired dictator • Powerful rival threatened Rome- Senate sent messengers for Cincinnatus • Named Dictator for emergency • Led forces into battle, defeated the enemy and resigned as dictator • Returned to his farm 16 days after taking command Cincinnatus Plebeians Vs. Patricians • Plebeians resented lack of power • Patricians could NOT maintain republic w/out Plebeians • 494 B.C.- Plebeians refused to fight in Roman Empire unless Patricians gave into Plebeian demands Plebeian Victories • With no military- Patricians agreed to reforms • Recognized Plebeians’ chosen representatives called the tribunes • Patricians recognized Assembly of Tribesbody of plebeians who elected tribuneseventually won right to make laws • Improved in social standing • Plebeian struggles slowly moved Rome closer to Democracy Plebeians slow transformation of Rome to a Democracy Twelve Tables • Most significant Plebeian victory • Written law code • 451 B.C.- Patricians engraved laws on 12 bronze tablets set in the Forum • Basis for all future Roman Law • Established principle that all free citizens had right to law’s protection Twelve Tables Roman Forum: Then and Now Family • Basic unit of Roman society- large and close – Unmarried children, married sons and their families, dependent relatives and household slaves • Father absolute head- conducted religious ceremonies, controlled property and supervised education of sons – Had power to sell family members into slavery or even kill them – Deep sense of responsibility for welfare of family Roman Family Roman Women • Few legal rights- but more freedom than Greek women – Acted as hostesses, did marketing and ran households, occasionally acquired property and business • Wealthy women studied Greek and lowerclass did household tasks Poor Roman Woman Rich Roman Woman Roman Children • Parents taught children reading , writing, and moral standards • Mothers taught daughters how to run households • Rich or poor- Romans had same valuesthrift, discipline, self-sacrifice, and devotion to family and republic • Later- became traditional Roman values Roman Children Learning Roman Children in Military