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Rome
Chapter 5
Geography
• Located on the Italian Peninsula (750 miles long North
to South)
• Three important fertile plains ideal for farming allowed it
to support a large population.
• Rome was favorably located 18 miles inland on the
Tiber River.
– It had easy access to the sea
but was safe from pirates.
– It was easily defended because
it was built on seven hills.
– Rome also was a natural stopping
point for travelers of the Mediterranean Sea .
Ancient Peoples Who Became
Romans:
• Indo-European peoples moved into Italy
from about 1500 to 1000 B.C.
• Latins from Latium
• Herders & Farmers
• Spoke Latin and Indo-European Language
• Etruscans from Etruria
– Made a huge impact on the Romans
People Who Influenced Greece
• Etruscans
– Organization
• Greeks
– Alphabet
– Greek Gods
ETRUSCANS
• Created small empire in northern Italy
• Took over early Romans shortly after they
arrived
• City of Rome founded under Etruscan rule.
They found Rome a village and left it a city
– Meeting place between Etruscan and
Greek merchants
– Romans borrowed aspects of their
civilization from both
• Legacy:
– Toga
– Organization of the Army
– Arch
Overview of Roman Civilization
• Roman Civilization is divided into three eras:
– Archaic Rome (the development era)
– Roman Republic (the true character of Rome)
– Roman Empire (the expansive ever changing era)
• When we study the Roman Civilization we look
at what made them successful. The things that
made them successful are also their greatest
legacies, their law, their language and their
legions.
Overview of Roman Civilization
• The Romans left us many ideas on how to hold
together an expansive and diverse civilization as
well as great technologies such as road building
and medical advancements.
• They had a higher standard of living than other
civilizations of their time. (They lived longer, in
better conditions, had more than enough food to
live, children lived longer, others seemed to want
what they had, other) They were a "successful"
civilization.
Republic
• Early Rome was ruled by a King, some
who were Etruscan.
• 509 BC – Romans overthrow a Estruscan
King and establish a republic
• In a republic the leader is not a King and
certain citizens have the right to vote
ROMAN REPUBLIC
• Not a democracy
– Monopolized by nobility
(patricians) and wealthy
commoners (plebians)
– Ordinary people excluded
from meaningful political
participation
• Possessed elected officials
– Top officials were consuls (2
elected each year)
– Several citizen assemblies
• Tribal Assembly
(legislature)
• Senate (powerful advisory
assembly)
• Devised to run a small city-state
but not adequate for running an
empire
ROMAN REPUBLIC
• Enemies surrounded Rome, so the young
republic began a period of continuous
warfare.
• The defeated:
– The last of the Etruscan Kingdom to the North
– Greeks to the South
Roman Citizens
• Patricians – ruling
class who owned
large tracts of land.
• Plebeians – small
farmers, craftspeople
and merchants
•Both Groups could vote only Partricians could
hold public office
The Republic
• The Romans were successful as well because they were
good diplomats who were shrewd in extending Roman
citizenship and allowing states to run their internal affairs.
• They also were skilled, persistent soldiers and brilliant
strategists.
• For example, they built towns throughout conquered Italy
and connected them with roads, allowing soldiers to be
deployed quickly.
The Roman State:
Government & Law
• Two consuls ran the government and led the
army into battle. (1 year terms)
• The praetor (judge) directed the civil law, or law
applied to citizens.
• Senate – 300 patricians evolved to have the rule
of the law
Government
• The plebeians wanted political and social
equality, especially because they fought in the
army to protect Rome.
• Finally, in 471 B.C. a popular assembly called
the council of the plebs was created.
• Despite these gains, a wealthy ruling class
dominated political life.
The Roman State
• One of Rome’s most important contributions was
its system of law.
• Rome’s first code of law, the Twelve Tables,
was adopted in 450 B.C.
– Laws were written down
• Later Romans adopted a more sophisticated
system of civil law, which applied to Roman
citizens only.
The success of the Roman Empire
involved several factors.
•
1.
•
2.
•
3.
•
4.
The Roman army was powerful and
well-organized.
Roman representatives usually
employed skillful diplomacy.
The Roman legal system was flexible
and efficient (written.)
Government was handled efficiently.
PUNIC WARS
• Against Carthage
• Three over a 120 year period
(264-146 BC)
• Rome won all three
• Carthage completely
destroyed after Third Punic
War
• Rome takes over all former
Carthaginian territory in
Western Mediterranean
• First Punic War was a
conflict over Sicily
– Rome gained control of Sicily
Punic Wars
CARTHAGE (first battle)
Former
Phoenician
trading post
Commercial city
Had western
Mediterranean
empire
Felt threatened by
Rome’s rise to
dominance in Italy
Punic War #2 – Hannibal
• Carthage wanted revenge.
• Hannibal, the greatest Carthaginian general, began the
Second Punic War, which lasted from 218 to 201 B.C.
• To take the war to Rome, Hannibal entered Spain,
moved east, and then crossed the Alps with a large
army, including a large number of horses and 37 battle
elephants.
• Many soldiers and animals died during the crossing, but
Rome was still under a real threat.
Punic War #2 – Hannibal
• At the Battle of Cannae, Rome lost almost
forty thousand men.
• In response, Rome raised another army.
• Meanwhile, Hannibal roamed throughout
Italy but could not successfully attack the
major cities.
• In a brilliant move, Rome attacked
Carthage, forcing the recall of Hannibal.
• At the Battle of Zama, Rome crushed
Hannibal’s forces.
•Spain became a Roman province, and Rome controlled the
western Mediterranean.
Third & Final Punic War
• Fifty years later, the Romans fought
the Third Punic War.
• In 146 B.C., Roman soldiers sacked Carthage.
• Fifty thousand men, women, and children were
sold into slavery.
• The territory of Carthage became a Roman
province called Africa.
Shift from Republic to Empire
• Growth pains after the Punic Wars cause financial
problems
• Roman economy had problems
– The backbone of Rome’s army and state had always
been the small farmers, but now many lost their lands
to large, wealthy landowners.
– Use of slave labor puts the poor out of work
– Landless poor go to cities – but still can’t find work
– Military troops were now being paid and putting extra
stress on the government
• Huge reason for the eventual downfall of the Republic
Shift from Republic to Empire
• The empire was plagued from the beginning with
its financial burden
• Proposed reformers killed:
– Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus, reform-minded
aristocrats, believed that the problem was the decline
of the small farmer.
– They called for laws giving the public land of the
aristocrats back to the landless poor.
– They were both murdered
Collapse of Roman Republic
•
From 82 to 31 B.C., civil wars beset Rome. Generals
•
begin to use armies for their own gain.
• Three men–Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar–emerged
victorious.
• Crassus was wealthy, and the other two were military
commanders and heroes.
• They combined their power to form the First Triumvirate in 60
B.C.
• A triumvirate is a government by three people with equal power.
Collapse of Roman Republic
• Each man had a military command.
• When Crassus was killed, the Senate decided
that rule by Pompey alone would be best, and it
ordered Julius Caesar to give up his command.
• He refused. He kept his loyal army and moved
into Italy illegally by crossing the Rubicon River.
(Our expression “to cross the Rubicon” means
unable to turn back.)
Collapse of Roman Republic
• Caesar defeated Pompey and became first dictator in 45
B.C.
– Well liked Reforms by Julias Ceasar
• Granted citizenship to many people
• Added representation from many provinces
• Provided jobs – Public Works Projects
• Landless gain land by going to colonies
• Welfare – free gain to the poorest
• New Calendar
• A group of leading senators assassinated Caesar in 44
B.C.
Collapse of Roman Republic
• Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second
Triumvirate after Caesar’s death.
• Soon, however, Octavian and Antony divided the Roman
world between themselves: Octavian took the west and
Antony took the east.
• Inevitably, they came into conflict.
• Antony allied and fell in love with Egypt’s queen
Cleopatra VII.
• The two fight each other for power
• The end of the Second Triumvirate ends the Republic
BATTLE OF ACTIUM
OCTAVIAN
Marc
Antony
Cleopatra
• 31 BC
• Marked end of the
Roman Revolution
• Octavian defeats
forces of Marc
Antony and
Cleopatra off the
coast of Greece
• Roman power
survives intact but
the price was high
– Roman Republic
ceased to exist
AUGUSTUS
• Octavian is named
Augustus “revered one”
• First emperor
• Created new government
adequate to running
world-wide empire
• Retained republican
institutions but robbed
them of all power
• Kept all power in his own
hands
• Kept sole control of army
WEAKNESSES IN THE
AUGUSTAN SYSTEM
• ARMY
• SUCCESSION
• Ties with emperor
were personal
• Never attempted to
institutionalize
relationship
• Roman army only
loyal to person of
emperor—not state
• Never set up clear
cut system
• Choice of heir left to
current emperor
• Might choose
relative or friend
• Heir had to have
support of army
The Roman Empire
• So called because a series of Emperors ruled
Rome
• Part of Augustus’s political system allowed
emperors to be selected from family
• The next four emperors were family members
and poor leaders: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius,
and Nero.
• Under them the emperor gained more power
and became more corrupt.
Caligula was a madman who killed many
people, including his sister, and appointed his
favorite horse senator.
Nero murdered his wife and his mother, and very
possibly started the fire in 64 AD that lasted 9
days and burned half of Rome.
The Roman Empire
• The next five were good emperors
• These emperors created a period of peace a
prosperity known as “Pax Romana” or “Roman
Peace”
• There was peace and order literally throughout
the far-flung empire during these 200+ years.
Accomplishments of Pax Romana
• Stopped arbitrary executions
• Respected ruling class
• Maintained Peace
• Took more power from Senate
• Widespread building projects
ROME AT THE TIME OF THE Pax
Romana
Roman Culture & Society
• Romans developed taste for Greek art and
literature during the 2nd and 3rd centuries
• Reproductions became popular and more
realistic
• Greek statues adorned their cities and homes.
• Roman sculptors added realistic, even
unpleasant features to the idealized Greek
forms.
Roman Culture & Society
• In line with their practical bent, the Romans excelled
at architecture.
• The Romans created forms based on
curved lines: the dome, arch, and vault.
• They were also first-class engineers who
built enduring roads, bridges, and
aqueducts.
• They built 50,000 miles worth of roads
throughout the empire.
• The city of Rome’s many aqueducts
supplied one million people with water.
Roman Inventions
Roman Family
• Unlike the Greeks, the Romans raised their
children at home.
• All upper-class Roman children learned to read.
• Teachers often were Greek slaves because
prospering in the empire required knowing both
Greek and Latin
Roman Family
• Roman boys learned reading and writing, moral
principles, family values, law, and physical training.
• Roman males ended their childhood at 16 with a special
ceremony.
• They exchanged their purple-edge togas for the white
toga of manhood.
• Some upper-class girls were educated privately
or in primary schools.
• At the time the boys entered secondary schools,
however, Roman girls were getting married.
Slavery
• No people relied on slavery as much as the
Romans. Slaves were a huge part of economic
success
• Before the third century B.C., even a small Roman
farmer would have one or two slaves.
• The wealthy had more.
• As Rome conquered the Mediterranean area,
large numbers of war captives were brought to
Italy as slaves.
• Greeks were prized as tutors, musicians,
doctors, and artists.
• One Roman writer argued that it was cheaper to
work slaves to death and replace them than to
care for them.
Roman Religion
• Initially The Romans like the Greeks were
polytheistic.
• Later the Romans worshiped Emperors
• They were tolerant of other religions as long as
people bowed to Caesar.
Roman Religion – Rise of
Christianity
• Problems began to arise in the area for
Jews and Christians.
• Zealots (Jews who advocated
overthrowing Roman rules) were crushed
by the Romans in 66A.D. and destroyed
their temple
Roman Religion
• Christianity is a religion founded in Palestine (then a
Roman province) based on the teachings of Jesus (who
was a Jew.)
• The New Testament of the Bible tells of his life and
teachings.
• He condemned violence and selfishness.
• He encouraged brotherhood, love, and caring
• His followers called him the Messiah "anointed one", the
leader who would usher in the final judgment at the end
of time.
Roman Religion, Christianity
• Jesus was feared by the Romans; they thought
he encouragedpolitical turmoil. He was
condemned for blasphemy by fellow Jews for
proclaiming himself to be the Messiah.
• Jesus was put to death by crucifixion around
33 AD on order from Pontius Pilate the Roman
Governor of Judea.
Roman Religion, Christianity
• Christianity gained believers during the 1st
century AD with the help of Paul and other
apostles (missionaries). And, so, the Christian
Church grew.
Roman Religion, Christianity
• Christianity is strengthened through
persecution and eventually becomes state
religion.
• Edict of Milan 313ad – Constantine
becomes the first Christian Emperor and
the religion is accepted
DIOCLETIAN AND
CONSTANTINE
• DIOCLETIAN
• Improved shaky prestige of emperor by
changing it into semi-divine office
• Created hereditary caste system
• Regimented society in order to restore
stability
• Created new succession system
•
•
•
•
•
CONSTANTINE
Legalized Christianity
Divided empire in half
Built Constantinople
Halves drifted apart after his death, creating
two separate political units: the Eastern
(Byzantine) Empire and the Western (Roman)
Empire
Roman Religion, Christianity
• The church became well organized at
about the same time that the government
of Rome fell apart.
• As Rome stopped doing the necessary
work of government, the church took over
responsibilities. It gradually became the
strongest force in the Western World.
Chapter Summary