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Chapter 7
Physical Setting:
•Central peninsula in Mediterranean region
•Adriatic sea to the East
•Tyrrhenian Sea to the West
•The Alps mountain range to the North
•Apennines full length of the peninsula
•Not as rugged as Greece
•Trade & travel possible by land
•Agriculture possible
Chapter 7, Sect. 1
Social Classes:
Patricians
Early People in Italy:
•Aristocracy
•Neolithic culture pre 3000 BC
•organized in clans
•After 2000 BC invaders through Alps
•Powerful, controlled gov’t.
•Mid 700’s BC Latins arrive central
plains region
Plebeians – all other citizens
•Rome founded along Tiber River
•600’s BC Rome ruled by Etruscan Kings
(Monarchy)
•Etruscans eventually “merge”
Roman Government:
•Roman Aristocracy overthrew
monarchy (killing their king)
•Formed a Republic, people elected
officials to run government
•Several legislative bodies
•Well organized government
Chapter 7, Sect. 1
ROMAN REPUBLIC
SENATE
MAGISTRATES
POPULAR ASSEMBLIES
Dictator
6 months rule
In emergencies
Tribune
10 w/1yr terms
Could refuse to
Approve Senate bills
CENSORS
Consuls (2)
Chief executives
elected 1yr terms
-Controlled moral
conduct of citizens
-Appointed Candidates to
Senate
Praetors
Checks & Balances
Chapter 7, Sect. 1
In times of war
Ran Military
The Military:
The Tortoise
•All citizens obliged to serve
•Well organized – excellent training
•Most important unit – the legion
The Family:
•Center of religion, morals, & education
•Father known as paterfamilias (extended family concept similar to China)
•Women higher status than Greeks
Chapter 7, Sect. 1
Roman Religion:
•early religion believed spirits inhabited everything
(China? Taoism? Similarities?)
•“Borrowed” Greek god attributes for their gods
•Roman King of the Gods – Jupiter . . . Originally
Indo-European sky god took on Zeus like characteristics
•Highly organized – emphasis on proper rituals
Jupiter
Chapter 7, Sect. 1
By 280 BC
•By 200BC Rome controlled all of the Italian
Peninsula south of the Rubicon River
•Soon came into conflict with Carthage
•Competitive Trade Wars
Chapter 7, Sect. 2
The Punic Wars:
Punicus - Latin word for Phoenician
Why was this applied to Carthage?
these were originally wars for trade dominance over the Mediterranean
The First Punic War:
264 – 241 BC
Forced Rome to develop a navy, Used land military tactics with navy
Romans won, Carthage paid large indemnity & gave up Sicily
The Second Punic War: (See next slide)
218 – 202 BC
Hannibal attacks Rome (pg 148-149). . . From where? How did he reach Rome?
What was the make-up of his army? How successful was he?
Macedonia (ally of Carthage) conquered 197 BC
The Third Punic War:
149 – 146 BC
Hatred based upon Hannibal’s invasion decided to crush Carthage
Romans defeated and razed Carthage (sowed fields with salt)
End of Carthaginian power
Chapter 7, Sect. 2
The Punic Wars:
Hannibal attacks Rome (pg 148-149)
From where?
How did he reach Rome?
What was the make-up of his army?
How successful was he?
Chapter 7, Sect. 2
Problems of Expansion:
Government
Senate controls military & foreign policy
Organization of provinces
Corruption in government – officials stealing from tax money
Changes in Agriculture
small farms acquired by rich, combined into estates (Latifundia)
farmer-soldiers home from wars without good land or jobs
Growth of Commerce & Social Change
Equites - new social class – made up of wealthy business & landowners
Influx of slave labor displacing Roman workers
jobless masses weakened ideals of discipline & devotion to state
Slave revolts (Spartacus)
Chapter 7, Sect. 2
Chapter 7, Sect. 2
The Gracchi –
•Brother Tiberius & Gaius attempted government reforms
•Tiberius & Gaius both murdered by corrupt Senators
TURNING POINT – violence now becomes primary tool of politics
- respect for law diminished
The Social War –
•Allies denied Roman Citizenship
•Allies rebel against Rome
•Allies beaten, but citizenship granted
Chapter 7, Sect. 3
Marius & Sulla –
•Gaius Marius – military hero, attempts reform, elected consul
•Revolutionized army –
•allowed non landowners to serve,
•soldiers could receive pay & share of loot
•created a volunteer army
•Lucius Cornelius Sulla –
•Blocked from customary leadership position By Marius
•recruited his own army & marched on Rome
•He won the civil war that followed
•Ruled as Dictator
•Reformed Senate
•Retired voluntarily
Chapter 7, Sect. 3
The First Triumvirate (Rule of Three) –
•Julius Caesar Gaius Pompey & Licinius Crassus
• Generals joined forces
•Caesar became Consul
•Developed loyal army,
•Spent 10 yrs in Gaul gaining fame & fortune as military leader
•created a volunteer army
•Crassus killed in battle
•Pompey jealous of Caesar –
•Persuaded Senate to order Caesar home
•Caesar refused & brought army to Rome
•Pompey fled to Greece, then defeated by Caesar
Chapter 7, Sect. 3
Julius Caesar Rules –
•Caesar goes to Egypt
• Put Ptolemy family on throne as Roman ally
•Dallies with Cleopatra
•Returns to Rome, declared Dictator for life
•Able ruler & politician
•Murdered 44 BC by conspiring Senators
The Second Triumvirate (Rule of Three) –
•Octavian, Lepidus, Marc Antony
• Lepidus retires
•Marc Antony forms alliance with Cleopatra
•Octavian takes Rome & western half of Empire
•Marc Antony takes Athens & eastern half of Empire
Chapter 7, Sect. 3
Octavian becomes the First Augustus –
•Octavian defeats Marc Antony & Cleopatra
• declares himself “princeps” (first citizen)
•Senate gives him title of “Augustus” (the revered one, or exalted one)
•Able ruler & politician
•Expands empire
The Julio-Claudians –
•Next 54 yrs relatives of Julius Caesar rule
• some very effective, but others were brutal or insane
•Nero blamed for starting the great fire of Rome
Chapter 7, Sect. 3
The Good Emperors –
•Began with Emperor Nerva
•Five emperors ruling Rome for nearly 100 years
•Power maintained by Roman Army
•Able rulers & politicians
•Expanded empire
•Period of stability & advancement
•Marcus Aurelius – last of the “Good Emperors”
Chapter 7, Sect. 3
27 B.C. – A.D. 180, The “Pax Romana”
•Lasts roughly 200 years
•Time of relative peace within the empire
•Peace maintained by
•strong military
•Excellent road systems
•Well administered government
•Rule of law
•From Augustus Caesar to Marcus Aurelius
Chapter 7, Sect. 4
Roman Empire at the beginning of Pax Romana
“Roman Lake”
Chapter 7, Sect. 4
Roman Government:
•Powerful centralized operation
•Strong provincial governments reporting to Rome
•Made up of a bureaucracy run by aristocrats, but headed by Emperor
•Strongest unifying force of Empire
The Provinces:
•Roman rule spread Roman culture
•Supported Rome with taxes
Roman Law:
•Based on the code of “The Twelve Tables” (400’s B.C.)
•12 tables expanded to meet new situations
•Roman rule spread Roman law
•Was a unifying force
•Attempt to apply basics legal principals to citizen & non-citizen
•Became basis for modern Western Civilizations’ law
Chapter 7, Sect. 4
Roman Army:
•Augustus reorganized Army
•Established Praetorian Guard –Elite group protects Emperor
•Regular Army made up of citizens serving 20yrs.
•Provincial Armies made up of border tribes, serve for 25 yrs. get citizenship
•Built many fortifications (ex. Hadrian’s Wall)
Trade & Transportation:
•Agriculture remained primary occupation
•Tenant Farmers (Colonus) replaced slaves on Latifundia
•Trade prospered –
•common currency
•good transportation (50,000 miles of paved roads)
•Taxes on trade remained low
•Manufacturing increased (pottery, textiles, jewelry)
•Mediterranean Sea becomes “Roman Lake”
Chapter 7, Sect. 4
Roman Amusements:
•Theater
•Circus type entertainments (juggling, acrobats, etc.)
•Brutal sports, such as Chariot racing
•Coliseum Events (also spelled Colosseum)
•Wild beasts fighting each other, or humans
•Gladiatorial combat
Science, Engineering, & Architecture:
•Rome collected the best from other civilizations
•Engineering excelled, built roads, buildings, aqueduct
•Introduction of concrete
•allowed large building construction
•Reduced costs for building
•Use of Arch with Roman modification (Keystone)
Chapter 7, Sect. 4
Education:
•Rome educated children to be loyal & obedient citizens
•Early education done at home
•Many communities had elementary, Secondary, & higher level schools
Literature:
•Augustus & some of the “Good” emperors encouraged the arts
•Virgil, wrote the Epic Poem, “The Aeneid” (story of Rome’s founding by fleeing Trojans)
•Other poets – Horace, Ovid
•Historian – Tacitus, who was critical of Rome’s Government
Language:
•Rome adopted Etruscan Alphabet (adapted Greek)
•Today we use Roman Alphabet with J, U, & W added
•Latin became basis for Romance Languages –
•French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, & Romanian
•Much of English has Latin origin
Chapter 7, Sect. 4
Jews & the Roman Empire:
•Judaea became Roman Province A.D. 6
•Jews monotheistic, would not honor Roman Gods, or divine Emperor
•Rabbis (Scholars learned in Jewish religion) become spiritual leaders
•Scriptures predict Messiah (“The Anointed One”)
•Many false Messiah’s appear
•People believe He will set them free from Rome
•Several revolts against Rome
•Resulted in “The Diaspora” 135 AD all Jews banned from Jerusalem
Life & Teachings of Jesus:
•According to “The Gospels” Jesus born in Bethlehem, Grew up in Nazareth
•Said to have been carpenter & student of Jewish writings
•In his 30’s began preaching, chose 12 Apostles
•Said to have performed miracles & healings
•Defended poor & oppressed
•Preached love of God, Self, & Others
•Taught that God is loving, caring & forgiving
Chapter 7, Sect. 5
Death of Jesus:
•Offended priestly class of Jews
•Romans considered him an enemy of the state, feared an uprising
•Illegally tried before Jewish Sanhedrin, deferred to Pontius Pilate
•Pilate allows Jesus to be crucified
Spread of Christianity:
•Christ’s followers say he rose from the dead (Resurrection central theme)
•Gospel spread throughout Roman Empire, 1st to Jew, then to Gentile
•Christianity spread more quickly after Christ’s death
•Paul (who changed his named from Saul) one of greatest missionaries
•Pax Romana, good transportation & common languages helped spread
•Started slowly, but caught on due to promise of salvation for all
Persecution of Christianity:
•Problem because Christians would not worship Emperor
•Christians also attempted to convert others
•Romans took this to attack on the Empire
•Christianity was outlawed, many Christians met in Catacombs
•Many Christians put to death (became Martyrs – died for their belief)
Chapter 7, Sect. 5
Success of Christianity:
•During A.D. 200’s civil war shook empire, many people turned to Christianity
•Church became so large that Roman law recognized it
•Emperor Constantine embraces Christianity, becomes state religion
Organization of the Church:
•Latter part of Roman Empire priests began performing ordinances
•Church developed large congregations in Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria,
Antioch, & Jerusalem, where Bishops called Patriarchs ran the Church
•Patriarch of Rome took title of Pope (Father), claimed supremacy over other Patriarchs
•Church councils helped determine doctrine (ex. Council at Nicaea –Holy Trinity)
Chapter 7, Sect. 5
Problems in the Empire:
•Internal Problems –
•AD 200’s Civil War, up to 20 Emperor’s during this period
•Travel became unsafe & limited trade
•Declining Population due to wars & a great plague
•Higher taxes
•End of Empire expansion meant no new gold sources
•Devaluation of money – inflation
•Fewer farmers, less food
•Artisans tried to leave cities (scarce food),
•required them to join Collegia - to keep public works operating
•Laws required them to stay at their now hereditary jobs
•External Problems –
•Constant Invasion on many borders by barbarians
•Roman Legions unable to stop all incursions
•Creates unsafe travel conditions
Chapter 7, Sect. 6
Two Competent Emperors Slow Down the Fall
Diocletian:
•Born to poor family, rose through ranks to become a Roman General
•Army makes him Emperor A.D. 284
•Reorganizes Empire Leadership:
•Co-Emperors each called an Augustus,
•they each have an assistant called a Caesar
•Forms effective Bureaucracy to run government
•Drives out barbarian invaders
•Tried to use wage & price controls - ineffective
•Attempts to control jobs by making them hereditary – ineffective
Constantine:
Civil War initiated his reign & made him sole emperor
Accepted & Protected Christians
Created new eastern capital - Constantinople (previously Byzantium)
After his death, Empire split – East & West
The Germans:
•Ostrogoths, Visigoths moved onto Roman lands under pressure from the Huns
•Romans mistreated them, they revolted
•Visigoth leader Alaric captured & sacked Rome in A.D. 410
•Eastern Empire gained strength,
•The “Fall” was no single event and did occur gradually
Results of the Decline:
•West drifted into Anarchy as barbarians poured in (Vandals)
•Cities were targets of plunder, most people left cities for food & safety
•Literacy declined (no state sponsored schools)
•Libraries destroyed (knowledge lost)
Why did Rome Decline?
•Internal weakness:
•Army became lax,
•large numbers of barbarians trained as Roman Legions
•Politically weak•No civilian control of the military
•Government often run by military
•failure to maintain efficient bureaucracy
•Loss of loyalty by citizenry
•Economic Decline
•Heavy Government Expenses = Heavy Taxes
•No conquests – no more income from plunder
•Infrastructure went into disrepair – travel difficult
•Ineffective military allowed increased banditry – travel dangerous
•Loss of trade = less manufacturing = Economic Decline
•Social Change
•Lack of patriotism
•Little interest in gov’t
•Lack of political honesty
Multiple Causes : Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Contributing Factors
Political
•Lack of Civilian
control of Military
•Civil War & unrest
•Poor Bureaucracy
•Poor leadership
•Two Capitals
•Capital Moved to
Constantinople
Social
Lack of :
•Loyalty
•Political Honesty
•Interest in Gov’t
Loss of work ethic
Economic
Military
•Heavy Taxes
•Inflation
•Lack of Plunder
•Trade decline
•Manufacturing
decline
•Population Decline
•Loss of food
production
•Large influx of
barbarians in army
•Poor leadership
•Loss of loyalty
•Loss of pride
•Fractured
leadership
Immediate Causes
Pressure from Huns
Barbarian Invasion
Fall of Western Roman Empire
Conquest by Barbarians
Sack of Rome