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WARM UP: “We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.” Some people say the most important words in our Constitution are the first three words of the Preamble. These are the words “We the People.” Explain why you agree or disagree with this opinion ANCIENT ROME CHAPTER 6 THE ROMAN REPUBLIC CHAPTER 6 SECTION 1 Decline of the Greek Civilization A new city, Rome, is developing & increasing its power. video Geography Built on 7 rolling hills. On the Tiber River. Midway between the Alps & southern tip of Italy. River brought commerce. Near sea for convenience. Not so close to be in danger from Sea attacks. LEGEND OF ROMULUS & REMUS Twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess. Abandoned on the Tiber River as infants raised by a she – wolf. Twins decide to build a city near the spot. Later Romulus kills Remus & becomes the first king of Rome. video First Romans From 1000 to 500 B.C. 3 groups inhabit the region: 1. The Latins. 2. The Greeks. 3. The Etruscans. The First Romans The Latins built the first settlement. They are considered to be the first Romans. 750 to 600 B.C. Greeks settled along southern Italy and Sicily. This brought all of Italy into close contact with Greek civilization. The Etruscans were native to Northern Italy. They were skilled metalworkers & engineers. Strongly influenced Roman civilization. They had a system of writing – the Romans adopted their alphabet. Also, influenced Roman architecture-The Arch. Early Republic Last King driven from power in 509 B.C. Romans declare never again to be ruled by a king. Establish a Republic. Republic is a form of government in which power rests with the citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders. In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to freeborn male citizens. Social Structure in the Republic Roman society was divided into two orders, each with its own interests, character, and traditional responsibilities: 1. Patrician Order – The Roman aristocracy, comprised of families who provided political and military leaders for 500 years. Most patricians were wealthy, but a family could retain its patrician designation even when its wealth declined. Roman Patricians carrying ancestor busts. Social Structure in the Republic 2. Plebeian Order – All other free male citizens. Roman “plebes” were craftsmen, bakers, and shopkeepers, but also plantation farmers, merchants, and bankers. Citizens of Rome with right to vote. But, barred by law from holding most government positions. In time, plebians were able to form their own assembly and elect representatives called Tribunes. Headcount – Within the plebeian order there were class divisions. Some plebes were rich, but the vast majority were poor and depended on free or cheap grain distributed by the government. This was the headcount. The headcount could vote in tribal elections, but until the late Republic they could not serve in the military – which was necessary for political advancement – unless they could furnish their own arms. Slaves – As much as a third of the population of Rome and the Roman empire was composed of slaves. Economic hardship could drive free people into slavery, but the biggest sources of slaves were war, conquest, and trade with non-Romans. Patrician Order Plebian Order Slaves 451 The Twelve Tables –A written law code. of Plebeian Power BCE Growth Plebes, fearful of abuse of power, wanted codification of law. The Twelve Tables established idea that all Free citizens had a right to the protection of the law. 445 Marriage between patricians and plebes legalized. 366 First plebe elected consul. 300 Plebes could serve at all levels of the priesthood. 287 Decisions of the plebeian assembly became binding on ALL Roman citizens, not just the plebes. Government under the Republic First Century B.C. Rome had balance government. Government had best features of a monarchy, an aristocracy, and a democracy. Government under the Republic Consuls Rome had two consuls: commanded the army & directed the government. Power limited. Consul’s term was only one year long. Then the same person could not be elected again for ten years. Senate Aristocratic branch of Roman Government. 300 members chosen from the upper class of Roman society. Great influence on over both foreign and domestic policy. Assemblies More democratic side of Government. Centuriate Assembly – All citizen-soldiers are for life – select consuls, makes laws. Tribal Assembly – citizens grouped according to where they live are members for life elects tribunes and makes laws. Chapter 6 Section 2 The Roman Empire The Republic Collapses – Economic Turmoil Republic grows wealthy & expands its border Lower classes are discontent. Gap between rich & poor grows wider. Rich landowners work slaves for free labor. Poor farmers cannot compete. Military Upheaval Republic grew unstable. Generals seized power for themselves. Recruited soldiers loyal to them, not to the republic. Now possible for a military leader supported by his own troops to take over by force. Eventually Julius Caesar does just that. From 133 BCE, when Tiberius Gracchus became tribune, until 31 BCE, when Octavian took sole and absolute power, the Roman Republic slowly fell apart. This hundred-year period is known as the Roman Revolution. When it was over, Rome was again a monarchy, ruled by an emperor instead of elected consuls, tribunes, and the Senate. Major Figures of the Roman Revolution Tiberius Gracchus 168-133 BCE Gaius Gracchus 154-121 BCE Gaius Marius 157-86 BCE Sulla 138-78 BCE Pompey 106-48 BCE Julius Caesar 100-44 BCE Octavian 63 BCE-14 CE Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus Attempted to help Rome’s poor. As Tribunes they proposed limiting the size of estates & giving land to poor. Angered many senators. Both met violent deaths. A Civil War follows their deaths. Questions: How would limiting the size of Roman estates help the poor? It would enable small landowners to succeed. What is a Civil War? A conflict between groups within the same country. Julius Caesar Takes Control In 60 B.C. a military leader, Julius Caesar joins forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, & Pompey, a popular general ( Pompey was married to Caesar’s daughter Julia) Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C. Next 10 years these men dominate Rome as a triumvirate – a group of three rulers. Caesar follows tradition & serves only one year as consul, but appoints himself governor of Gaul. Caesar then conquers all of Gaul. video Gaius Julius Caesar Julius Caesar is one of the most influential people in history. A military genius, he conquered Gaul, adding it to the empire. A brilliant politician, he helped fashion the imperial administration that would replace the Roman Republic. As a writer, Caesar’s Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars are still read today and are an important historical source for the period. Pompey and the Civil War In 54 BCE, the Triumvirate fell apart. Julia died in childbirth, and Crassus was killed in battle. Caesar, campaigning in Gaul, was Rome’s leading general, and conservatives in the Senate feared his growing popularity. They turned to Pompey as their champion. When Caesar returned to Rome with his troops, the civil war was on. Caesar crosses the Rubicon River January 10, 49 B.C. By bringing his legions into Italy, Caesar violated the law and provoked a civil war. "Alea iacta est" (The die is cast) Caesar named Dictator for Life in 44 B.C. Caesar marched on Rome with one legion. Pompey and the majority of the Senate fled Rome. Caesar’s troops defeat Pompey’s armies in Greece, Asia, Spain, & Egypt. Pompey is caught & beheaded in Egypt. Caesar returns to Rome a hero – support of troops & masses. 44 B.C. named Dictator for Life. Caesar & Cleopatra At the time of the civil war, Egypt was an ally of Rome, ruled by pharaohs of the Ptolemaic dynasty. King Ptolemy XIII and his sister, Cleopatra VII, were having their own civil war. Caesar sided with Cleopatra. They had a child together, Caesarion. This was Caesar’s only natural son. Caesar’s Dictatorship Caesar governed as a absolute ruler. He implemented many reforms. Granted citizenship to many people in provinces. Created Jobs for poor. Started colonies so many people could own land. Increased pay for soldiers. At a public festival, Anthony offered Caesar a crown, which he refused, saying, “I will not be king of Rome. Jupiter alone is King of the Romans.” Alarmed at Caesar’s king-like power, a group of Senators stabbed him to death in the Senate on March 15, 44 BCE, the “Ides of March.” One of the senators that helped stab Caesar, was his friend Marcus Brutus. Caesar’s last words were “Et tu, Brute?” (You too, Brutus?”) Questions: What did Caesar mean by his final words to Brutus? He was surprised that even his close friend would betray him. Which do you threatened Caesar’s rivals more, his power or his popularity? Possible answer: his popularity, as it was the true source of his power Civil War Breaks Out Again Caesar was dead, and so was the Republic. The principle of personal power would now be supreme. The question was, who would be the next supreme leader? Two Leading Candidates: were Mark Anthony, Caesar’s cousin and lieutenant, and Octavian, Caesar’s grand-nephew and adopted son. The Second Triumvirate Octavian, Mark Antony, & a politician named Lepidus band together & crush Caesar’s assassins. They rule for 10 years. Their alliance ends in jealousy & violence. Octavian forces Lepidus to retire. Octavian & Marc Antony become rivals. Antony & Cleopatra Antony &Queen Cleopatra meet and fall in love. Antony follows Cleopatra to Egypt. Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule Rome from Egypt & Civil War breaks out. Octavian defeats Antony at the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C. Antony commits suicide by falling on his sword. Cleopatra tried to negotiate with Octavian to spare the life of Caesarion, but Octavian refused. “Two Caesars are one too many,” he is reported to have said To avoid being paraded through Rome at the head of Octavian’s triumph, Cleopatra also committed suicide, by holding a poisonous snake to her breast and letting it bite her. Octavian becomes First Emperor Augustus in 27 B.C. Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”, began with Emperor Augustus in 27 B.C., period of Roman peace & prosperity that lasted 207 years Rome expanded empire to include all of Mediterranean world and Europe Augustus encouraged trade, created highways & aqueducts, used concrete, government jobs gained by merit Pax Romana Roman expansion brought increased trade from far corners of empire for sale in Roman markets: silk, perfumes, weapons, musical instruments Increased trade brought great wealth: – Building projects—fire stations, healthcare centers – Festivals—parades, theatre, Olympic-style athletic contests Red – 133 BCE Orange - 44 BCE (late Republic, after conquests by republican generals) Yellow – 14 CE (death of Augustus Green – 117 CE (maximum extension) Warm Up: Christianity arose during Roman Times. How common is Christianity today in U.S. and the rest of the World? Chapter 6 section 3 The rise of Christianity. Teaching of Jesus Romans took control of the Jewish Kingdom in A.D. 6. Jews believe God has promised that a savior know as the Messiah would arrive and restore the kingdom of the Jews. Two decades later many believed that such a savior had arrived. Teachings of Jesus Jesus began preaching when he was 30 years old; going from village to village; became popular and gained disciples (loyal followers) Teachings were based on Judaism— love, mercy, devotion to God, eternal life in Heaven, Golden Rule (do unto others as you would have done to you) Jesus of Nazareth Main source of information about the teachings of Jesus are in the Gospels, the first four books of the New Testament in the Bible. Apostles – 12 men that are Jesus’ disciples, or pupils. Jesus’ Death Jesus’ popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders. Enthusiastic crowds called him Messiah, or king. Chief priest of Jews denied he was the Messiah. They said his teachings were blasphemy, or contempt for God. The Roman Governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of defying the authority of Rome. He arrested Jesus and sentenced him to be crucified. After his body was placed in a tomb, 3 days later his body was gone & a living Jesus appears to followers. The Gospels go on to say he ascended into heaven. This convinces the Apostles that Jesus was the Messiah. Jesus is referred to as Jesus Christ. Christos is Greek word meaning “messiah” or “savior”. Question: How were Jesus’s teachings at odds with Roman values and religious ideas? Jesus taught love & acceptance rather than strength and power; taught monotheism vs. worship of many gods. Why might Romans and chief Jewish priests have felt threatened by Jesus? He was popular; he preached to the poor and powerless. Christianity Spreads Through the Empire Despite persecution, Christianity spread throughout Roman Empire & gained acceptance One Man, the apostle Paul, had an enormous influence on Christianity’s development. At first an enemy of Christianity. After having a vision of Christ. He spent the rest of his life spreading Christ’s teachings. Jewish Diaspora – in A.D. 66 a band of Jews rebel against Rome. The Romans destroy their temple. Today the western portion of this wall remains & is holiest Jewish shrine. Most Jews are driven from their homeland into exile. This is called the Diaspora. A World Religion Despite persecution, millions of Christians in Roman Empire by third century A.D. Christianity grew because: 1. embraced all people. (men, women, slaves, poor, & rich) 2. gave hope to powerless. 3. appealed to those repelled by Rome’s exravagances. 4. offered a personal relationship with God. 5. promised eternal life after death. Constantine In A.D. 312 Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity. In battle, he prays for divine help, and sees a symbol of a cross – a symbol of Christianity. He puts symbol on his soldier’s shield. They win. He credits the Christian God and converts. In A.D. 313 he announces an end to the persecution of Christians. In the Edict of Milan he declares Christianity a religion that is approved by the Emperor and restores freedoms & equality to Christians. The Edict of Milan guaranteed all citizens the right to worship as the chose (religious equality). In A.D. 380, Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the official Roman Religion. Early Christian Church As church grew, disagreements about beliefs develop. Dispute became intense. So church leaders attempt to set a single, official standard of belief. In A.D. 325 Emperor Constantine moved to solidify Christianity. He calls church leaders to Nicaea in Anatolia. They wrote the Nicene Creed – which defines the basic beliefs of the Church. The Fall of The Roman Empire Roman Empire will enter period of decline after the Pax Romana or “ Roman Peace” (with death of Marcus Aurelius) Rulers that follow the Pax Romana have little idea how to rule the empire. So the empire starts to decline. Crisis 3 stages: – Internal Problems – Revival under Emperors Diocletian & Constantine – Barbarian Invasions Internal Problems (Get out Causes/effects chart in chapter 6 guide & fill out) Rome’s economy weakens because: 1. Hostile tribes outside empire disrupt trade. 2. Lack new sources for gold & silver so government raises taxes. 3. Economy suffers from inflation (drop in value of money and a rise in prices) 4. Agriculture suffers because of overworked soil & farmland destroyed by War. Food shortages & disease spread, population declines. Military & Political Turmoil Soldiers less disciplined & loyal. Gave allegiance to commanders, not to Rome. To defend against increasing threats, government recruits mercenaries – foreign soldiers who fought for money. They accepted lower pay than Romans, but felt little loyalty to empire. Citizens lose their sense of patriotism. They become indifferent to the empire’s fate. Emperors Attempt Reform Diocletian divided empire into 2 parts: Greekspeaking East & Latin-speaking West because he believed the empire had grown too large & too complex for one ruler. Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, in what is now Turkey. The center of power shifts from Rome to the east. The capital in Byzantium is named after Emperor Constantine, and called Constantinople or the city of Constantine. The Western Empire Crumbles Result of: 1. worsening internal problems. 2. seperation of the Western Empire from wealthier Eastern Empire. 3. Outside Invasions. Barbarian or Germanic Invasions of Western Rome As Roman Empire weakened, “barbarian” tribes began to attack; Nomadic Huns under leadership of Attila attack Europe As the Huns move & attack, various Germanic people push into Roman lands. Rome could not stop the Germanic Invasions. Eventually they conquer Rome. Last Emperor, a 14 year old boy, Romulus Augustulus, was ousted by German forces in A.D. 476. Byzantine Empire The eastern half of Empire ( Byzantine Empire), not only survived, but flourishes for another 1,000 years until 1453 when it falls to the Ottoman Turks. The Byzantine emperors rule from Constantinople.