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WARM UP:
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“We the People of the United States, in order to form
a more perfect union, establish justice, insure
domestic tranquility, provide for the common
defense, promote the general welfare, and secure
the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our
posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution
for the United States of America.”
Some people say the most important words in our
Constitution are the first three words of the
Preamble. These are the words “We the People.”
Explain why you agree or disagree with this opinion
ANCIENT ROME
CHAPTER 6
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
CHAPTER 6
SECTION 1
Decline of the Greek Civilization
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A new city, Rome, is developing & increasing
its power.
video
Geography
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Built on 7 rolling hills.
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On the Tiber River.
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Midway between the Alps &
southern tip of Italy.
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River brought commerce.
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Near sea for convenience.
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Not so close to be in danger
from Sea attacks.
LEGEND OF ROMULUS & REMUS
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Twin sons of the god Mars
and a Latin princess.
Abandoned on the Tiber
River as infants raised by a
she – wolf.
Twins decide to build a city
near the spot.
Later Romulus kills Remus
& becomes the first king of
Rome.
video
First Romans
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From 1000 to 500 B.C. 3 groups inhabit the
region: 1. The Latins.
2. The Greeks.
3. The Etruscans.
The First Romans
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The Latins built the first settlement. They are considered to be
the first Romans.
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750 to 600 B.C. Greeks settled along southern Italy and Sicily.
This brought all of Italy into close contact with Greek civilization.
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The Etruscans were native to Northern Italy. They were skilled
metalworkers & engineers. Strongly influenced Roman
civilization. They had a system of writing – the Romans adopted
their alphabet. Also, influenced Roman architecture-The Arch.
Early Republic
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Last King driven from power in 509 B.C.
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Romans declare never again to be ruled by a king.
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Establish a Republic.
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Republic is a form of government in which power rests with the
citizens who have the right to vote for their leaders.
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In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was granted only to freeborn male citizens.
Social Structure in the Republic
Roman society was divided into
two orders, each with its own
interests, character, and
traditional responsibilities:
1. Patrician Order – The Roman
aristocracy, comprised of
families who provided
political and military leaders
for 500 years. Most patricians
were wealthy, but a family
could retain its patrician
designation even when its
wealth declined.
Roman Patricians carrying ancestor
busts.
Social Structure in the Republic
2. Plebeian Order – All other free male citizens.
Roman “plebes” were craftsmen, bakers, and
shopkeepers, but also plantation farmers,
merchants, and bankers.
 Citizens of Rome with right to vote.
 But, barred by law from holding most
government positions.
 In time, plebians were able to form their own
assembly and elect representatives called
Tribunes.
Headcount – Within the plebeian order there were
class divisions. Some plebes were rich, but the vast
majority were poor and depended on free or cheap grain
distributed by the government. This was the headcount.
The headcount could vote in tribal elections, but until the
late Republic they could not serve in the military – which
was necessary for political advancement – unless they
could furnish their own arms.
Slaves – As much as a third of the population of Rome
and the Roman empire was composed of slaves. Economic
hardship could drive free people into slavery, but the
biggest sources of slaves were war, conquest, and trade
with non-Romans.
Patrician Order
Plebian Order
Slaves
451
The Twelve Tables –A written law code.
of Plebeian Power
BCE Growth
Plebes, fearful of abuse of power, wanted
codification of law. The Twelve Tables
established idea that all Free citizens had a
right to the protection of the law.
445 Marriage between patricians and plebes
legalized.
366
First plebe elected consul.
300
Plebes could serve at all levels of the
priesthood.
287
Decisions of the plebeian assembly became
binding on ALL Roman citizens, not just the
plebes.
Government under the Republic
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First Century B.C. Rome had balance
government.
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Government had best features of a
monarchy, an aristocracy, and a democracy.
Government under the Republic Consuls
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Rome had two consuls: commanded the
army & directed the government.
Power limited.
Consul’s term was only one year long.
Then the same person could not be elected
again for ten years.
Senate
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Aristocratic branch of Roman Government.
300 members chosen from the upper class of
Roman society.
Great influence on over both foreign and
domestic policy.
Assemblies
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More democratic side of Government.
Centuriate Assembly – All citizen-soldiers
are for life – select consuls, makes laws.
Tribal Assembly – citizens grouped
according to where they live are members for
life elects tribunes and makes laws.
Chapter 6 Section 2
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The Roman Empire
The Republic Collapses – Economic
Turmoil
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Republic grows wealthy & expands its border
Lower classes are discontent.
Gap between rich & poor grows wider.
Rich landowners work slaves for free labor.
Poor farmers cannot compete.
Military Upheaval
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Republic grew unstable.
Generals seized power for themselves.
Recruited soldiers loyal to them, not to the
republic.
Now possible for a military leader supported
by his own troops to take over by force.
Eventually Julius Caesar does just that.
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From 133 BCE, when Tiberius Gracchus
became tribune, until 31 BCE, when
Octavian took sole and absolute power, the
Roman Republic slowly fell apart.
This hundred-year period is known as the
Roman Revolution.
When it was over, Rome was again a
monarchy, ruled by an emperor instead of
elected consuls, tribunes, and the Senate.
Major Figures of the
Roman Revolution
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Tiberius Gracchus
168-133 BCE
Gaius Gracchus
154-121 BCE
Gaius Marius
157-86 BCE
Sulla
138-78 BCE
Pompey
106-48 BCE
Julius Caesar
100-44 BCE
Octavian
63 BCE-14 CE
Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus
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Attempted to help Rome’s poor.
As Tribunes they proposed limiting the size
of estates & giving land to poor.
Angered many senators.
Both met violent deaths.
A Civil War follows their deaths.
Questions:
How would limiting the size of Roman estates
help the poor?
It would enable small landowners to succeed.
 What is a Civil War?
A conflict between groups within the same
country.
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Julius Caesar Takes Control
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In 60 B.C. a military leader, Julius Caesar joins
forces with Crassus, a wealthy Roman, & Pompey, a
popular general ( Pompey was married to Caesar’s
daughter Julia)
Caesar is elected consul in 59 B.C.
Next 10 years these men dominate Rome as a
triumvirate – a group of three rulers.
Caesar follows tradition & serves only one year as
consul, but appoints himself governor of Gaul.
Caesar then conquers all of Gaul.
video
Gaius Julius Caesar
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Julius Caesar is one of the
most influential people in
history.
A military genius, he
conquered Gaul, adding it to
the empire.
A brilliant politician, he
helped fashion the imperial
administration that would
replace the Roman Republic.
As a writer, Caesar’s
Commentaries on the Gallic
and Civil Wars are still read
today and are an important
historical source for the
period.
Pompey and the Civil War
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In 54 BCE, the Triumvirate fell apart.
Julia died in childbirth, and Crassus was killed in
battle.
Caesar, campaigning in Gaul, was Rome’s
leading general, and conservatives in the Senate
feared his growing popularity.
They turned to Pompey as their champion.
When Caesar returned to Rome with his troops,
the civil war was on.
Caesar crosses the Rubicon River
January 10, 49 B.C.
By bringing
his legions
into Italy,
Caesar
violated
the law
and
provoked
a civil war.
"Alea iacta est" (The die is cast)
Caesar named Dictator for Life
in 44 B.C.
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Caesar marched on Rome
with one legion.
Pompey and the majority of
the Senate fled Rome.
Caesar’s troops defeat
Pompey’s armies in Greece,
Asia, Spain, & Egypt.
Pompey is caught &
beheaded in Egypt.
Caesar returns to Rome a
hero – support of troops &
masses.
44 B.C. named Dictator for
Life.
Caesar & Cleopatra
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At the time of the civil war,
Egypt was an ally of
Rome, ruled by pharaohs
of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
King Ptolemy XIII and his
sister, Cleopatra VII, were
having their own civil war.
Caesar sided with
Cleopatra.
They had a child together,
Caesarion. This was
Caesar’s only natural son.
Caesar’s Dictatorship
Caesar governed as a absolute
ruler.
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He implemented many
reforms.
 Granted citizenship to many
people in provinces.
 Created Jobs for poor.
 Started colonies so many
people could own land.
 Increased pay for soldiers.
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At a public festival, Anthony
offered Caesar a crown,
which he refused, saying, “I
will not be king of Rome.
Jupiter alone is King of the
Romans.”
Alarmed at Caesar’s king-like power, a group of
Senators stabbed him to death in the Senate on
March 15, 44 BCE, the “Ides of March.”
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One of the senators that helped stab Caesar, was
his friend Marcus Brutus. Caesar’s last words were
“Et tu, Brute?” (You too, Brutus?”)
Questions:
What did Caesar mean by his final words to
Brutus?
He was surprised that even his close friend
would betray him.
 Which do you threatened Caesar’s rivals
more, his power or his popularity?
Possible answer: his popularity, as it was the
true source of his power
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Civil War Breaks Out Again
Caesar was dead, and so was
the Republic. The principle
of personal power would
now be supreme. The
question was, who would
be the next supreme
leader?
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Two Leading Candidates:
were Mark Anthony,
Caesar’s cousin and
lieutenant, and Octavian,
Caesar’s grand-nephew
and adopted son.
The Second Triumvirate
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Octavian, Mark Antony, & a politician named
Lepidus band together & crush Caesar’s
assassins.
They rule for 10 years.
Their alliance ends in jealousy & violence.
Octavian forces Lepidus to retire.
Octavian & Marc Antony become rivals.
Antony & Cleopatra
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Antony &Queen Cleopatra meet and fall in
love.
Antony follows Cleopatra to Egypt.
Octavian accuses Antony of trying to rule
Rome from Egypt & Civil War breaks out.
Octavian defeats Antony at the Battle of
Actium in 31 B.C.
Antony commits suicide by falling on his
sword.
Cleopatra tried to negotiate with Octavian to
spare the life of Caesarion, but Octavian
refused. “Two Caesars are one too many,”
he is reported to have said
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To avoid being
paraded through
Rome at the head of
Octavian’s triumph,
Cleopatra also
committed suicide, by
holding a poisonous
snake to her breast
and letting it bite her.
Octavian becomes First Emperor
Augustus in 27 B.C.
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Pax Romana or “Roman Peace”, began with
Emperor Augustus in 27 B.C., period of
Roman peace & prosperity that lasted 207
years
Rome expanded empire to include all of
Mediterranean world and Europe
Augustus encouraged trade, created
highways & aqueducts, used concrete,
government jobs gained by merit
Pax Romana
Roman expansion brought increased
trade from far corners of empire for sale
in Roman markets: silk, perfumes,
weapons, musical instruments
 Increased trade brought great wealth:
– Building projects—fire stations,
healthcare centers
– Festivals—parades, theatre,
Olympic-style athletic contests
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Red – 133 BCE
Orange - 44 BCE (late
Republic, after
conquests by
republican generals)
Yellow – 14 CE (death of Augustus
Green – 117 CE (maximum extension)
Warm Up:
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Christianity arose during Roman Times.
How common is Christianity today in U.S.
and the rest of the World?
Chapter 6 section 3
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The rise of Christianity.
Teaching of Jesus
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Romans took control of the Jewish Kingdom
in A.D. 6.
Jews believe God has promised that a
savior know as the Messiah would arrive
and restore the kingdom of the Jews.
Two decades later many believed that such a
savior had arrived.
Teachings of Jesus
Jesus began preaching when he was
30 years old; going from village to
village; became popular and gained
disciples (loyal followers)
 Teachings were based on Judaism—
love, mercy, devotion to God, eternal
life in Heaven, Golden Rule (do unto
others as you would have done to
you)
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Jesus of Nazareth
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Main source of information about the
teachings of Jesus are in the Gospels, the
first four books of the New Testament in
the Bible.
Apostles – 12 men that are Jesus’
disciples, or pupils.
Jesus’ Death
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Jesus’ popularity concerned both Roman and Jewish leaders.
Enthusiastic crowds called him Messiah, or king.
Chief priest of Jews denied he was the Messiah. They said
his teachings were blasphemy, or contempt for God.
The Roman Governor Pontius Pilate accused Jesus of
defying the authority of Rome. He arrested Jesus and
sentenced him to be crucified.
After his body was placed in a tomb, 3 days later his body was
gone & a living Jesus appears to followers. The Gospels go on
to say he ascended into heaven.
This convinces the Apostles that Jesus was the Messiah.
Jesus is referred to as Jesus Christ. Christos is Greek word
meaning “messiah” or “savior”.
Question:
How were Jesus’s teachings at odds with Roman
values and religious ideas?
Jesus taught love & acceptance rather than strength
and power; taught monotheism vs. worship of many
gods.
 Why might Romans and chief Jewish priests
have felt threatened by Jesus?
He was popular; he preached to the poor and
powerless.
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Christianity Spreads Through the
Empire
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Despite persecution, Christianity spread throughout
Roman Empire & gained acceptance
One Man, the apostle Paul, had an enormous
influence on Christianity’s development. At first an
enemy of Christianity. After having a vision of Christ.
He spent the rest of his life spreading Christ’s
teachings.
Jewish Diaspora – in A.D. 66 a band of Jews rebel
against Rome. The Romans destroy their temple.
Today the western portion of this wall remains & is
holiest Jewish shrine. Most Jews are driven from
their homeland into exile. This is called the
Diaspora.
A World Religion
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Despite persecution, millions of Christians in Roman
Empire by third century A.D.
Christianity grew because:
1. embraced all people. (men, women,
slaves, poor, & rich)
2. gave hope to powerless.
3. appealed to those repelled by Rome’s
exravagances.
4. offered a personal relationship with God.
5. promised eternal life after death.
Constantine
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In A.D. 312 Roman Emperor Constantine converts to
Christianity.
In battle, he prays for divine help, and sees a symbol of a cross
– a symbol of Christianity. He puts symbol on his soldier’s
shield. They win. He credits the Christian God and converts.
In A.D. 313 he announces an end to the persecution of
Christians.
In the Edict of Milan he declares Christianity a religion that
is approved by the Emperor and restores freedoms &
equality to Christians. The Edict of Milan guaranteed all
citizens the right to worship as the chose (religious equality).
In A.D. 380, Emperor Theodosius makes Christianity the
official Roman Religion.
Early Christian Church
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As church grew, disagreements about beliefs
develop.
Dispute became intense.
So church leaders attempt to set a single, official
standard of belief.
In A.D. 325 Emperor Constantine moved to solidify
Christianity. He calls church leaders to Nicaea in
Anatolia.
They wrote the Nicene Creed – which defines the
basic beliefs of the Church.
The Fall of The Roman Empire
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Roman Empire will enter period of decline
after the Pax Romana or “ Roman Peace”
(with death of Marcus Aurelius)
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Rulers that follow the Pax Romana have little
idea how to rule the empire. So the empire
starts to decline.
Crisis
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3 stages:
– Internal Problems
– Revival under
Emperors
Diocletian &
Constantine
– Barbarian
Invasions
Internal Problems (Get out
Causes/effects chart in chapter 6 guide
& fill out)
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Rome’s economy weakens because:
1. Hostile tribes outside empire disrupt
trade.
2. Lack new sources for gold & silver so
government raises taxes.
3. Economy suffers from inflation (drop in
value of money and a rise in prices)
4. Agriculture suffers because of overworked
soil & farmland destroyed by War.
Food shortages & disease spread, population
declines.
Military & Political Turmoil
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Soldiers less disciplined & loyal.
Gave allegiance to commanders, not to Rome.
To defend against increasing threats, government
recruits mercenaries – foreign soldiers who
fought for money. They accepted lower pay than
Romans, but felt little loyalty to empire.
Citizens lose their sense of patriotism. They become
indifferent to the empire’s fate.
Emperors Attempt Reform
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Diocletian divided empire into 2 parts: Greekspeaking East & Latin-speaking West because he
believed the empire had grown too large & too
complex for one ruler.
Constantine moved capital to Byzantium, in what
is now Turkey.
The center of power shifts from Rome to the east.
The capital in Byzantium is named after Emperor
Constantine, and called Constantinople or the
city of Constantine.
The Western Empire Crumbles
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Result of:
1. worsening internal problems.
2. seperation of the Western Empire from
wealthier Eastern Empire.
3. Outside Invasions.
Barbarian or Germanic Invasions of
Western Rome
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As Roman Empire weakened, “barbarian”
tribes began to attack; Nomadic Huns
under leadership of Attila attack Europe
As the Huns move & attack, various
Germanic people push into Roman lands.
Rome could not stop the Germanic
Invasions. Eventually they conquer Rome.
Last Emperor, a 14 year old boy, Romulus
Augustulus, was ousted by German forces in
A.D. 476.
Byzantine Empire
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The eastern half of Empire ( Byzantine
Empire), not only survived, but flourishes
for another 1,000 years until 1453 when it
falls to the Ottoman Turks.
The Byzantine emperors rule from
Constantinople.