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The Story of Tiberius Gracchus Over the next 100 years, many different popular leaders–reformers and generals– tried to improve conditions in Rome. Tiberius Gracchus became a tribune in 133 B.C. and was the first reformer. He wanted to limit the amount of land a person could own. He was killed in a riot staged by the Senate when he ran for a second term as tribune. In 123 B.C., Tiberius Gracchus’s younger brother, Gaius Gracchus, was elected tribune. When the Senate began to feel threatened by his ideas in 121 B.C. they had him killed. In 107 B.C., General Gaius Marius, a military hero, became consul. Marius thought he could end Rome’s troubles by setting up a professional army, open to everyone. Another general, Lucius Cornelius Sulla, was given a military command that Marius wanted. Marius tried to get the assembly to take the command away from Sulla. An angry Sulla marched his army and seized Rome and civil war broke out. When it was over, Sulla made himself dictator, or absolute ruler, of Rome. The Republic of Rome When Sulla retired, a new group of generals fought for control of Rome. In 60 B.C., political power passed to a triumvirate, or a group of three persons with equal power. Julius Caesar finally gained control, after a power struggle, in 48 B.C. In 58 B.C., Caesar was named governor of a Roman province and built up a large, strong loyal army. The Senate ordered him in 50 B.C. to break up his legions and return to Rome. Instead, Caesar entered the city at the head of his troops, and by 46 B.C., he was dictator of Rome. Caesar brought about many reforms of land and wealth distribution. Some Romans were afraid that Caesar planned to make himself king. As he entered the Senate on March 15, 44 B.C., Caesar was stabbed to death. Julius Caesar Political power passed to another triumvirate. Marcus Antonius, or Mark Antony, Caesar’s closest follower and a popular general, took command of Rome’s territories in the East. . Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, one of Caesar’s top officers, took over the rule of Africa. Octavian, Caesar’s grand-nephew and adopted son, took charge of the West. For a while, the triumvirate worked. Then fights broke out, leaving Octavian as sole ruler of the Roman Empire in 31 B.C. Roman Reformers Reformer Tiberius Gracchus Problem in Rome Small farmers lost land Solution Limit the amount of land a person could own 9300 acres) Effect Assembly put his idea into effect Give excess to landless Gaius Gracchus Wheat prices were high Sell wheat to the poor at below market prices More food for Romans 1 out of 3 Roman s received free wheat General Gaius Marius Lucius Cornelius Sulla Julius Caesar Ex-soldiers lost land when they left for service in the army Set up a professional army Marius received military command Sulla wanted Marched his army on Rome and seized the capital First time a Roman commander led his soldiers against Rome Doubled the size of the Senate Senate power increased; tribune were weakened Land issue Gave veterans land New colonies overseas were populated by Romans Farmers in city can not find work Public works projects Senate did not have enough power Offered pay, land, pensions and booty Soldiers gave loyalty to generals not Roman government Gave jobs to thousands