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It is said the Alexander the Great helped create “a whole new world”. What was the most lasting achievement of Alexander the Great? (what was his legacy?) Strabo’s map of the world Strabo’s map of Europe ANCIENT ROME Italian peninsula 750 miles north to south Apennine Mts. runs north to south Fertile plains for farming Islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily are nearby Impact of Geography Mts. did not divide Italy into small isolated communities (unlike Greece) More land for farming enabled it to support a larger population Rome’s location was favorable away from the coast built on seven hills – was easily defended central location on the Tiber river Impact of Geography (cont.) The Italian peninsula juts into the Mediterranean Sea Important crossroads for the Mediterranean Governing Rome’s empire was made easier The Land and People 1st Millenium B.C. - Indo-Europeans built Rome on the plain of Latium – hence the term “Latin” Founding of Rome Legend says that twin brothers Romulus & Remus founded Rome along the banks of the Tiber River in 753 B.C. Influences Roman civilization is heavily influenced by the Greeks and the Etruscans! The Greeks Colonized 2/3s of Sicily and moved up the Italian peninsula Passed on olive cultivation, alphabet, sculpture, architecture, & literature to the Romans Influenced Rome more than the Greeks Were from north of Rome in Etruria Ruled Rome from around 750 to 500 bce The Etruscans Etruscans Passed on the toga and organization of the army (also aqueduct, road, and wall building) Goodbye Etruscans – Hello Republic! Republic created in 509 B.C.E. when upper-class Romans drove Etruscans out of city Republic! New republican government had two consuls and a Senate using a system of checks and balances Early Rome Government: Republic, Aristocracy (power in the hands of the wealthy nobles) 2 Consuls (terms of 1 year), each could veto (“I forbid”) the other 300 wealthy senators served life terms …but a dictator could be chosen as an emergency measure… From Hill Town to Empire! Continuous warfare attacked by neighboring states and defeated them Full Roman citizenship given to the conquered By 270 B.C. – all of Italy under Roman control Why so successful? Good diplomats Firm, even cruel, when necessary Rebellions were crushed without mercy Extended citizenship to many States ran own internal affairs Established colonies, built roads, & fortified towns Lets Compare! Sparta Athens Rome Oligarchy Democracy Republic Citizens Vote on laws Citizens Vote on laws Representatives Council of 28 Council of 500 2 Hereditary Kings Board of 10 “Archions” chosen to vote on laws Senate 2 Consuls Social Classes Patricians: Upper class, could hold public office Plebeians: lower class (could not hold office, but over time, Rome became more democratic and Plebeians gained rights) Struggle of the Orders 494 bce – Plebians frustrated in their efforts to maintain a voice in the government STRIKE! Create their OWN assembly Not very successful until they refuse to participate in the army Patricians forced to give in bit by bit 450 bc – forced to accept LAW of TWELVE TABLES IT’S THE LAW! Who made the laws in Persia, Babylon, Carthage, Egypt, etc? Roman rulers subject to the law! Fair and flexible “natural law” Roman Law – Law of 12 Tables Public Laws open to all free men Rome’s system of law was one of the chief gifts to the Mediterranean world. The “law of nations” had standards that applied to both citizens and foreigners. STRUGGLE OF THE ORDERS •After 342 bc, one of the consuls had to be a plebian •By 287, All Roman CITIZENS were equal before the law •Instead of civil war, the republic evolves into a healthier, stronger government! •Citizenship EXALTED throughout the empire – I WANT TO BE ONE! •(eventually becomes a privilege not a right…..) Rights of citizenship include: • right to appeal to the highest authorities • no unjust imprisonment • authorities required to treat people with respect • highest positions open to all citizens regardless of ancestry or wealth Religion The early Romans worshipped nature spirits Later borrowed Greek gods and goddesses Legate Army Centurion Legionary Well trained Deserters put to death Every male citizen had to serve when needed Had Legions of 6000 men in units of 60120 men Rome and Carthage 1st Punic War (264-241 B.C. ) chief rival = Carthage (originally Phoenicia which the Romans called Punic) Romans send army to Sicily Carthage considers it an act of war Romans build a naval fleet Romans defeat Carthaginian navy off Sicily Hey! Nice Corvus! 1st Punic War (264-241 B.C.) Results Carthage gives up rights to Sicily & pays a fine Sicily becomes first Roman province 2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. ) Carthage adds new lands from Spain to make up for the loss of Sicily Romans encourage Carthage’s Spanish allies to revolt Carthaginian general Hannibal sent to attack Rome (w/ 30-40 thousand men, horses and elephants!) Hannibal crosses Alps and defeats Rome at Cannae and wins 2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. ) Rome can’t get rid of Hannibal! Carthaginians can’t keep Rome away from Spain! Romans attack Carthage! Hannibal must hurry home! Romans invade Carthage and defeat Hannibal at Zama in 202 B.C.! 2nd Punic War (218-201 B.C. ) Results Carthage loses Spain AND becomes a Roman province! Rome becomes the dominant power in the Mediterranean 3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.) Calls in Rome for complete destruction of Carthage Carthage completely destroyed in 146 B.C. – city burned, buildings pulled down, & inhabitants sold into slavery 3rd Punic War (149-146 B.C.) Italy in ruins thanks Results to Hannibal Poor filling up Rome looking for food/work Backlash towards Greece and North Africa Empire building seen as a solution – Greece and North Africa look out! Conquests Conquers Greece, Egypt, Asia Minor (eventually entire Mediterranean) Results Wealth to Nobles, Merchants, and Government officials Ruin small farmers and workers: could not compete with slaves Type of soldier changes: Mercenaries hired because small farmers could no longer be soldiers Social World / Late Republic Patron/client relationship Protection/dependence as social glue Family Power of paterfamilias Position of women in Roman society Late Republic Struggles between rich and poor Extremes of wealth and poverty in Rome reform effort: (Gracius - 130s and 120s B.C.E.) New violence of Roman politics Support of poor as political strategy (Land, Bread and Circuses) conflict paved way for end of Republic Social World of the Late Republic Slaves widespread slavery “ Every slave we own is an enemy we harbor” Three great slave revolts Military Might! Militarism central to Roman ideology (Who was Romulus/Remus’ Father?) Average male spent 7 years in the army Generals as politicians recruitment of property-less soldiers New dependence of soldiers on their generals! End of the Republic In 60 BCE Julius Caesar, Pompey and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate (group of three sharing power) Sharing Sharing isis Caring!! Caring!! …NOT!! Generals compete for power leading to civil war! Julius Caesar 100-44 B.C. Military Commander Had military leadership experience from Spain and Gaul Had an army of loyal veterans 1st Triumvirate With Crassus & Pompey Crassus dies in battle Senate wanted Pompey as leader – was the least harmful to their cause Senate votes for Caesar to give up his command – he refuses Civil War In 49 BCE, Caesar’s forces cross the Rubicon River and marches on Rome From Italy, to Greece to Egypt, Ceasar’s forces defeats Pompey’s forces and officially becomes the dictator of Rome in 47 B.C. Caesar and Cleopatra have a child. (Caesarean) She is restored to the throne Is with him in Rome until 44 BC The Head of Pompey Presented to Caesar Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini CleopatraItaly, and Caesar From to Greece to Egypt, Caesar defeats Pompey’s forces and officially becomes the dictator of Rome in 47 B.C. Caesar’s Reforms Land to the poor Granted citizenship to people in the provinces Increased Senate to 900 members (some from outside of Rome!) Introduced a new calendar (from a 355 day lunar to a 365 day solar) Assassination Who? Approximately 60 collaborators led by Marcus Brutus & Gaius Cassius When? March 15, 44 B.C. Where? Rome (senate chambers) Why? Senate was losing power; Caesar was acting like a king How? Stabbed 23 times (supposedly) Significance? Led to the rule of the second triumvirate for ten years, civil war, and Octavian as emperor The Death of Caesar - Jean-Léon Gérôme - 1867 New kid on the block Enter Octavian, Caesar's nephew and heir. With his ally, Marc Antony, he fought and killed Caesar's old enemies. Victorious, he divided the spoils: Augustus took Rome and Antony got Egypt. The peace did not last long. Antony was quickly seduced by Egypt's queen, Cleopatra. Octavian suspected that the two wanted Rome for themselves. Before they could threaten him, Octavian attacked. Antony and Cleopatra defeated at the Battle of Actium Octavian chases them to Egypt Thinking Cleopatra dead, Antony kills himself Cleopatra kills herself with a poisonous asp! Antony’s Body is Brought Before Cleopatra TAXI! Establishment • maintainedof peace the principate! • stabilized Octavian (now Government called Caesar • reformed administration Augustus) sole • Taxed fairly C.E ruler 27 B.C.E.–14 • encouraged .trade, Rule of science, art, and literature Augustus as • built roads and “golden age” buildings Caesar Augustus (27bce – 14 CE) The Golden Age of Rome! maintained peace stabilized Government reformed administration Taxed fairly encouraged trade, science, art, and literature built roads and buildings Pax Romana Beginning of the Pax Romana “Peace of Rome” 200 years, ended with Marcus Aurelius spread Roman culture throughout entire empire ECONOMY thrives! People not afraid to trade!