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Early Europe until 1453 2000 years in a day!!!!!!!!! I. Rome (500bc–500ad)(ish) • Roman Republic (500bc – 0) (ish) – Republic < Caesar < Senators < 2nd Triumvirate < Octavian – Octavian ----> Augustus (1st emperor) • Roman Empire (0 – 500ad) – Early emperors • • • • Built up Rome Expanded Empire (strengthened army) Stabilized government Pax Romana – Darker times (200-300ad) • Economic/military problems • No clear succession – Later Imperial period (delaying the inevitable) • Diocletian – – – – – Divided the Empire in two (East and West) Divided the Emperor in four (two for each) Strengthened the borders Fought economic problems Attempted to solve succession problem (…but) • Constantine – – – – Came to power through civil war Legalized Christianity and converted Moved capital from Rome to Byzantium Eastern Empire would survive – The Fall of Rome • Huns pushed German tribes into Rome • 410 – Rome sacked by Visigoths led by Alaric • 476 – last Western Emperor deposed by Odoacer (German) II. The East (Part 1) • The City – Byzantium became Eastern Roman capital (Constantine) – Built up like Rome (forum, temples, etc.) – After fall of the West, becomes center of Eastern (Byzantine) Empire – Name changed to Constantinople • Religion – Eastern Orthodox – Patriarch head of church gov’t. – Emperor head of gov’t., leader/symbol of church – Developed independently from Roman Christianity • Justinian – Code of Laws (Roman) – Tried to recapture West – Hagia Sophia III. Islam • 622 – Muslim calendar begins with Muhammad’s Hijrah to Medina • New, monotheistic religion sweeps through the Arabian peninsula • Islam will quickly expand to all parts of the Middle East, Northern Africa, Spain, and Southeast Europe • Battle of Tours (732) - Charles Martel stops spread of Islam into Western Europe •Byzantine Empire resists spread of Islam into Eastern Europe IV. The East (Part 2) • Byzantines decline – Inefficient government – Attacks from without (especially Turks) – 1071 – lost battle at Manzikert to Seljuk Turks • Asked for help against Muslims from Western Christians • 1095 – First Crusade begins • The City (again) – 1204 – sacked by Crusaders from the West (4th Crusade) – 1261 – Byzantines finally retake the city – 1453 – Mehmet the Conqueror takes Constantinople V. The West • German Kingdoms take over – Anglo-Saxons – Franks • Clovis becomes first German king to convert to Christianity • Merovingians prosper in Roman Gaul (France) • Lay groundwork for Carolingians • Carolingian Renaissance – Pippin the short becomes King of the Franks – His son, Charles, expands the kingdom • Renamed “the Great” (Charlemagne) • Supported learning – Built schools – Revived Roman ideas • 800 – crowned Emperor of the Romans • Kingdom becomes Holy Roman Empire • Feudalism – System based on land ownership – Large landowners (Lords) divide their land among loyal men (vassals) – Vassals at lower levels known as knights (military troops) – Land was worked by commoners (serfs and free peasants) – System provided security and food in exchange for loyalty and work • High Middle Ages – Life organized around small farms (manorialism) • Manor house surrounded by fields, peasant homes, and basic services • People rarely left the manor or surrounding area • Most felt connected to their manner as opposed to any idea of “country” or “nation” – Urban life renewed as towns begin to reemerge • Many towns had walls for protection – English: borough, German: burg – Town dwellers known as burghers or bourgeoisie • Northern towns centered on manufacturing (guilds) • Italian towns centered on trade – East-west trade – City-states formed • Regaining the past – First universities formed (11th-13thC) – Scholasticism • Blend Classical reason with Christian Faith • St. Thomas Aquinas • Based in monasteries and cathedral schools • Rise of States – England • William the Conqueror – 1066 (French) • Magna Carta – 1215 – King John forced to cede power to nobles – Edward I - Parliament formed 75 years later – France • Capetians centralized rule by maintaining their line • France develops into most centralized state in Europe • Hundred Years War – Since William (1066), English King had held title to large chunk of France – End of Capetian dynasty creates opportunity for English king to press his claim – War ensues – After much struggle, France is finally victorious (Joan d’Arc) • Church vs. State – Papal supremacy • As Christ Vicar, Pope is ultimate authority on earth • Claim weakened by political struggles, land ownership – Temporal supremacy • As protector of the Church, Holy Roman Emperor believed he had ultimate authority • Investiture controversy weakened both parties