Download The Late Republic & The Punic Wars!

11 March 2016
Question – When does a republic become an empire?
• Bellringer –How does a country go from being a
Republic to becoming an Empire?
• The Late Republic & The Punic Wars!
• HW : Study guide due Tuesday
• Test ~ Wednesday
The Late Republic
Section 10.3
World History
The Main Ideas
• The late republic period saw growth of
territory and trade.
• Through wars, Rome grew beyond Italy.
• Several crises struck the republic in its
later years.
Growth of Territory & Trade
• Growth of Territory
• Within 200 years the Roman army had conquered nearly
all of Italy
• Mainly in response to outside threats
• The Gauls (387 BC)-essentially the Gauls bullied the
Romans so neighbors decided to join in…
• Success was due to the organization of the army
• Soldiers were organized into legions, or groups of up to
6,000 soldiers.
• Each legion was divided into centuries, or groups of 100
soldiers.
• Flexibility of the army allowed the Romans to defeat
most enemies
http://www.explorethemed.com/Rome1.asp
Growth of Territory & Trade
• Farming and Trade
• Before Rome conquered Italy, most Romans were
farmers.
• As Rome grew, people left farms for the city
• Large farms were built and worked by slaves
• Trade expanded due to Rome’s increasing population
• Could not grow enough food
• Merchants brought food, metal goods, and slaves
to Rome
• To pay for these goods, Romans made coinage
Examples of a Roman Coinage
Gold Aureus of Roman Republic. c. 269 - 211 BCE.
Obverse: Head of Mars.
Reverse: Eagle on a thunderbolt.
Silver Didrachms of the Roman Republic. 221 - 211 BCE.
Obverse: Janiform head of Dioscuri.
Reverse: Jupiter in galloping quadriga driven right by Victory.
Hannibal and The Punic Wars
• A series of three wars against Carthage, a city in
Northern Africa, between 264 and 146 BC.
• Punic means “Phoenician”
Hannibal and The Punic Wars
The Punic Wars #1
• War began on the island of Sicily
• After almost 20 years, the Romans forced out their enemies
and took control of the island
• Rome takes Sicily & then 2 other Northern Islands
Goodness, Hannibal hates
Rome…
• Hannibal was from Carthage, a city-state that was located outside of where Tunis, Tunisia now
stands. Over time, Carthage took control of some of the most economically powerful colonies in
the area. The city-state became quite powerful as a result. Rome didn’t really enjoy having any
rivals for power in the area and, in 509 BCE, signed a treaty with Carthage that divided both the
political influence and the commercial activity in the area. Despite this division of power, Carthage
managed to become the center of commerce in the Western Mediterranean region.
• Rome let this stand until 24 BCE, when the First Punic War broke out. Although it was not strictly
between Carthage and Rome, they were some of the major players in the conflict. Enter Hamilcar
Barca, a general who led Carthaginian troops in later portions of the war. Hamilcar Barca was
Hannibal’s father. By the time he got involved, the war had already been going on for some time.
Hamilcar was a fairly brutal man. He punished any of the mercenaries that had rebelled by
murdering, drowning or sending them away.
• Hamilcar trained Hannibal to be his successor and instilled in him a deep suspicion of, and hatred
for, Rome. Hannibal saw himself as taking up his father’s fight against Rome. There were many
stories that came out of Carthage about how Hannibal had been groomed to take up the fight.
Some state that he swore to the God Baal that he would continue to fight against Rome. It was
said that the Carthaginians were willing to sacrifice their own nobly born sons in order to keep
Rome from taking the city
The Punic Wars
• War began on the island of Sicily #1
• After almost 20 years, the Romans forced out their enemies and
took control of the island
• Rome takes Sicily & then 2 other Northern Islands
• Attack on the city of Rome (218 BC) #2
• Led by Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of the ancient world.
• http://www.history.com/videos/hannibals-warelephants#hannibals-war-elephants
• Although one of the Roman’s fiercest enemies, he was never able
to capture the city.
• Rome heads to Carthage – Carthage calls Hannibal back
• Rome wins this war
• Carthage must lessen its military
• Carthage must pay large war fines to Italy
• Hannibal takes a place in government…then joins forces with another king
going against Rome….he is surrounded…and then kills himself
• http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/hannibal/videos/thedeath-of-hannibal
The Punic Wars #2
• Attack on the city of Rome (218 BC) #2
• Led by Hannibal, one of the greatest generals of the ancient
world.
• Although one of the Roman’s fiercest enemies, he was never
able to capture the city.
• Rome heads to Carthage – Carthage calls Hannibal back
• Rome wins this war
• Carthage must lessen its military
• Carthage must pay large war fines to Italy
• Hannibal takes a place in government…
• Then joins forces with another king going against Rome….
• He is surrounded…
• And then kills himself
The Punic Wars #3
• Romans declare war on Carthage (140s BC) #3
• While Rome is off fighting elsewhere…Carthage
again grows strong
• Rome has had enough & goes to Carthage to fight
• Rome Wins and….
• After the victory,
• the Roman burned the city,
• salted the fields
• killed most of its people, and sold the rest into
slavery
• Basically, wipe Carthage off of the map
• Took control of Northern Africa
Later Expansion
• During the Punic Wars, Rome took control of Sicily,
Corsica, Spain, and North Africa.
• Controlled most of the western Mediterranean
• MORE LAND…..EMPIRE?!?
• Conquered the southern part of Gaul (120s BC)
• Conquered Greece and parts of Asia
• Romans were greatly influenced by the Greeks.
• Adopted ideas about literature, art, philosophy,
religion, and education.
Crises Strike the Republic
• More territory = more problems
• Rich were getting richer and the poor were getting poorer
• Resulted in violence between the two
• Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (tribunes…remember what they
do???) tried to help poor Romans by creating farms (on land the rich
were illegally using as their own) and selling food cheaply 133BC
• Purpose was to keep the poor happy and prevent
rebellion.
• Wealthy citizens opposed it and both Tiberius and
Gaius were both killed for their ideas.
Crises Strike the Republic
• In 107 BC, Marius encouraged poor people to
join the army as more troops were needed. (for
land)
• Thousands of poor joined Rome’s army and
the support gave Marius great political power
• There is now a need to gain more land
(expand the republic) to give the new troops
land
• Troops began to become more loyal to a
person than Rome.
Crises Strike the Republic
• Sulla came into conflict with Marius and a civil
war began in Rome.
• Sulla defeated Marius and named himself
dictator…and what did we learn about him?
• Spartacus, a former gladiator, led thousands of
slaves to fight for freedom.
• Took over much of southern Italy
• Was killed in battle and the revolt fell apart
• 6,000 slaves were executed