* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient Rome
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Treaties between Rome and Carthage wikipedia , lookup
Roman technology wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
World History Ancient Rome I Did Not Write This But This is Great Information! OwlTeacher.com Geography and Rome Rome is located in the center of the Italian peninsula. This location helped the Romans expand in Italy and beyond. The Apennine Mountains run down the center of Italy but are not too rugged. Fertile plains supported a growing population. OwlTeacher.com Ancestors of the Romans settled along the Tiber River. These villages eventually grew into Rome. How was Greco-Roman civilization formed? The Romans borrowed heavily from Greek culture after they conquered Greece. At the same time, Roman generals carried achievements of Roman civilization to conquered lands. The blending of Roman, Hellenistic, and Greek traditions produced Greco-Roman civilization. Trade and travel during the Pax Romana helped spread this new civilization. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com The Roman Republic: In 509 B.C., the Romans drove out the Etruscans and set up a new government, which they called a republic. In a republic, some officials are chosen by the people. In the early republic, the senate dominated the government. Its members were patricians, or members of the landholding class. Little by little, the plebeians, or common people, gained some political power. These included the right to elect their own officials, called tribunes. The tribunes could veto, or block, laws that they felt harmed plebeians. More than 2,000 years later, the framers of the United States Constitution would adapt Roman ideas of government, such as the OwlTeacher.com senate, the veto, and checks on political power. 3 Important Groups in the Roman Republic: The Senate The Assembly of the Centuries The Assembly of the Tribes OwlTeacher.com The Roman Senate The Senate was the most powerful group in the government. Composed of three hundred men Controlled public funds Controlled political appointments Determined foreign policy Sometimes acted as a court OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com Expansion in Italy By about 270 B.C., Rome controlled most of the Italian peninsula. Why was Rome’s expansion in Italy successful? Skilled diplomacy Loyal, well-trained army Treated defeated enemies fairly Gave rights to conquered people OwlTeacher.com Roman Society: FAMILY WOMEN The family was the basic unit of Roman society. Women gained greater freedom and influence over the centuries. Male was head of household and had absolute authority. Some women ran businesses. Most worked at home, raising families. EDUCATION Both girls and boys learned to read and write. Education was highly valued . OwlTeacher.com RELIGION Gods and goddesses resembled those of Greeks and Etruscans. Religious festivals inspired sense of community. Romans built many temples for worship. Pompeii and Vesuvius Pompeii was an ancient city in Italy that became famous by its destruction following the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Pompeii became a Roman city in 91 B.C. It was located on a plateau of ancient lava near the Bay of Naples, less than one mile from Mount Vesuvius. OwlTeacher.com The Colosseum Romans marveled at the shows put on at the Colosseum, ancient Rome’slargest stadium. Spectators watched the slaughter of exotic animals, gladiators battling to the death, and mock naval battles. OwlTeacher.com An Architectural Marvel! The Colosseum was an architectural marvel. Its floor was about the size of modern football field. As many as 50,000 spectators could crown onto the Colosseum’s marble and wooden benches. There, they were protected from the hot Roman sun by a giant canvas roof. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com In the summer of A.D. 79, Mount Vesuvius erupted violently. Hot ashes, stones, and cinders rained down on Pompeii. Remains of about 2,000 victims out of a population of 20,000 have been found in excavations. About three-fourths of the city of Pompeii has been uncovered by archeologists. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com Decline of the Republic: Conquered people forced to work as slaves Huge quantities of grain Small farmers no longer needed to produce food New wealth increases corruption Farmers flock to Rome and other cities looking for jobs Greed and self-interest replace virtues of simplicity, hard work, and devotion to duty Civil wars OwlTeacher.com From Republic to Empire: Civil wars Julius Caesar forces the Roman senate to make him dictator. Caesar institutes reforms to try to solve Rome’s many problems. Caesar is killed by enemies who feared that he planned to make himself king of Rome. More civil wars break out. Octavian defeats Mark Antony in a struggle for power. The Roman senate gives Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted One, and declares him first citizen. The 500-year republic comes to an end. The age of the Roman empire begins. OwlTeacher.com Winning an Empire After gaining control of the Italian peninsula, Rome began to build an empire around the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans followed a policy of imperialism, establishing control over foreign lands and peoples. Carthage, Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor became Roman provinces, or lands under Roman rule. OwlTeacher.com HANNIBAL OwlTeacher.com When Hannibal was born in 247 BCE, his birthplace Carthage was losing a long and important war. Carthage had been the Mediterranean's most prosperous seaport and it possessed wealthy provinces. However, it had suffered severe losses from the Romans in the First Punic War. OwlTeacher.com Hannibal Becomes General! In 221 B.C., Hasdrubal was murdered and Hannibal was elected commander by the Carthaginian army in Iberia. The Carthaginian government confirmed the decision. Hannibal returned to his father's aggressive military politics and did whatever possible to build up Carthage and make it strong. OwlTeacher.com Tensions Tensions between Carthage and Rome were still strong after the first Punic War. Rome felt threatened by Carthage’s expansion and power Rome also felt that it was necessary to take territory from Carthage in order to subdue Carthage and to expand itself. In addition, Rome wanted to control more of the Mediterranean. OwlTeacher.com The Punic Wars After 350 B.C. the Romans began to expand their rule beyond their city. The first objective was to capture the rest of Italy By 275 B.C. Rome ruled much of it. OwlTeacher.com The power of Rome soon came in contact with Carthage, a large and powerful city on the coast of North Africa. OwlTeacher.com Carthage feared that Rome would try to take Sicily, and Rome feared that Carthage would close the Strait of Messina between Italy and Sicily. The result was a series of three wars. OwlTeacher.com The First Punic War Began in 264 B.C. and ended twenty three years later when Rome gained control of Sicily. OwlTeacher.com At the Battle of Zama, Romans stampeded Hannibal's 80 war elephants using trumpets to scare and confuse them. OwlTeacher.com Carthage often used war elephants and trained them to fight by trampling prisoners OwlTeacher.com The Second Punic War Began in 218 B.C. and ended in 202 B.C. when Rome defeated Hannibal. As a result, it gained control of Spain OwlTeacher.com The Spanish soldiers who helped Hannibal wanted the severed hands of the enemy as trophies. Before entering the Pyrenees, Hannibal lost thousands of men in battles and desertions. OwlTeacher.com The elephants crossed the Rhine river in France by walking across on their hind legs, swimming, and tricked onto rafts with dirt that looked like solid ground. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com Between the Pyrenees in Spain and the Alps in Italy Hannibal had lost 44,000 men. Finally in Italy, Hannibal had only 26,000 men (he started with 70,000) Enemies of Rome in Italy gave Hannibal thousands of soldiers to help defeat Rome. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com Defeat for Hannibal After the 1st battle in Italy, only one elephant was left. Swamp fever in northern Italy killed many soldiers and animals and caused Hannibal to lose one eye. Brother Hasdrubal came with an army to help but was defeated - his head was cut off by the Romans and sent to Hannibal. OwlTeacher.com Hannibal did not attack the city of Rome because he knew it was no use. One of Hannibal's generals said: "You know, Hannibal, how to fight. You do not know how to win." - He had wanted Hannibal to attack and destroy the capital of the Romans. OwlTeacher.com The Third Punic War Began in 149 B.C. when Rome declared war on Carthage. After a bitter siege, the city fell to the Roman Empire in 146 B.C. and was totally destroyed. OwlTeacher.com At the end of the 3rd Punic War, Carthage citizens fought from every house and rooftop - 450,000 died or were made slaves in the 3 year siege. Rome had won again! OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com The Roman Empire at Its Height By 133 B.C., Roman power extended from Spain to Egypt: OwlTeacher.com Julius Caesar OwlTeacher.com Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was one of the greatest statesmen and military leaders that the world has ever known. His brilliant leadership resulted in many reforms and helped make Rome the center of a region that extended across Europe. OwlTeacher.com Caesar’s Accomplishments Governed the empire Improved the calendar system Tried to reconcile opponents by appointing them to office Set up colonies (such as Corinth and Carthage) where poor people in Rome could go to improve their way of living OwlTeacher.com Stopped dishonest government practices Granted Roman citizenship to many of the conquered people Planned a way to reorganize city government in Italy Replaced dishonest governors with honest ones Gave free gain only to the people who really needed it OwlTeacher.com Planned the founding of public libraries Planned construction of a canal across Isthmus of Corinth Known as a great writer and orator OwlTeacher.com Julius Caesar was able to accomplish many things, but he also made enemies of some important Roman leaders. In 44 B.C. Caesar was murdered on the steps of the Senate by a group of Roman aristocrats who feared his power. OwlTeacher.com This marked the end of the Roman Republic and the beginning of the Roman Empire ruled by emperors. OwlTeacher.com Caesar Augustus In his will, Julius Caesar named his grandnephew, Octavian (better known as Caesar Augustus) as heir to rule Rome. OwlTeacher.com Roman Empire and Roman Peace Augustus laid the foundation for a stable government that would function well for 200 years. This period was called the Pax Romana. OwlTeacher.com Roman Advances in Literature, History, and Philosophy: History Historians wrote about the rise and fall of Roman power. Poetry Philosophy Writers imitated Greek styles in prose and poetry. Roman philosophers borrowed heavily from the Greeks. Virgil praised Rome’s heroic past in the Aeneid. Stoics emphasized acceptance of one’s fate and concern for the well-being of others. Poets used verse to satirize, or make fun of, Roman society. OwlTeacher.com Roman Advances in Art and Science: Technology Built roads, bridges, and harbors throughout empire Built many aqueducts Art Sculptors stressed realism. Artists depicted life scenes in frescoes and mosaics. OwlTeacher.com Science Romans left scientific research to the Greeks. Ptolemy proposed that Earth was the center of the universe. Galen used experiments to prove a conclusion. Architecture Emphasized grandeur Improved column and arch Developed rounded dome Roman Law: During the Roman empire, these principles of law fostered unity and stability: An accused person was presumed to be innocent until proven guilty. The accused was permitted to face the accuser and offer a defense. Guilt had to be established through evidence. Judges were expected to interpret the laws and make fair decisions. Centuries later, these principles would become the basis for legal systems in Europe and the Americas. OwlTeacher.com Roman Law Roman law was an important tie that bound the empire together. Romans published their first known code of law about 450 B.C. This code, The Laws of the Twelve Tables, set down accepted practices in written form. OwlTeacher.com The laws were inscribed on twelve tablets which were fastened to the speaker’s stand in the Roman Forum OwlTeacher.com These laws formed the basis of individual rights of Roman citizens. The laws dealt with: Legal procedures Property ownership Building codes Punishment for crimes And marriage customs OwlTeacher.com Roman Military Ancient Rome was able to conquer a vast empire because of its well-trained and well-disciplined army. The Roman army was organized into legions. A Centurion commanded a group of about 80 soldiers. Most Roman soldiers were stationed in forts. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com Gifts From Ancient Rome Rome has made many contributions to our own society. The capital letters of our alphabet were given their final form by the Romans. Roman numerals The names of the months on our calendar also came from Rome. In many areas conquered by Rome, the Latin language became part of the native language. OwlTeacher.com The Empire in Crisis With the end of the Pax Romana, political and economic turmoil rocked the Roman empire. Political Problems Emperors were repeatedly overthrown or assassinated. In one 50-year period, 26 emperors ruled, and only one died of natural causes. OwlTeacher.com Economic & Social Problems High taxes to support the army burdened business people and farmers. Poor farmers were forced to work and live on wealthy estates. Over cultivated farmland lost its productivity. Foreign Invasions A weakened Rome could not withstand the forces of Germanic invasions. The Huns dislodged other Germanic peoples and, little by little, conquered the Roman empire. OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com OwlTeacher.com