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* Picture depicts how all roads led to Rome. Image taken from: rome.mrdonn.org. * * Italy is a peninsula with mountains across its base and another mountain chain down its length. It has large, flat plains with fertile soil, as well as several volcanoes. * Both Greece and Italy are mountainous; however, Italy’s landscape is less rugged than that of Greece. Italy also has rivers for shipping. * * Legend says that the founders of Rome were Romulus and Remus. They were princes who were born to their mother, a Latin princess and their father, the God of War. Their uncle, who feared that they would take over his thrown, had his guards kidnapped them and throw them in the Tiber River to die. They did not die, but was rescued by a shewolf. They were then raised by a shepherd and eventually founded the city of Rome. They fought ferociously over who would be able to name the city and Romulus ended up killing Remus in a heated argument. Romulus then went ahead and named the city Rome after his name. * * The purpose of the forum was to be the center of Rome’s government, religion, and economy. * Rome’s geography had two major advantages, the hills that gave the Romans the natural defense they needed and the Tiber River that allowed access to a nearby port. * * The kings, had broad powers, but served as the head of the army, chief priest, and supreme judge. The king could only stay in power if the wealthy aristocrats allowed him to stay in power. Picture depicts ancient Roman Kings. Image taken from: ancienthistory.about.com * * The wealthy aristocrats became tired of the kings, especially since the 7th king, Tarquin treated his people very badly. * They decided to oust the monarchy and install a new system of government in which all free men had the right to vote and elect officials. Thus the Republic was born. * * The Italian peninsula had may contributions from its city-states. * Greeks settled in Rome and brought their culture with them. * The Etruscans lived just north of Latium and thus their culture was very difficult to ignore and take in. * * One of the results of Rome expanding was that it came into contact with other cultures and absorbed aspects of those cultures. * The Romans were able to expand its empire due to it great army. The Roman army was made up of a legion, 4,500 to 5,000 of heavily armed men. The legions were broken down into smaller sections called maniples. Each maniple consisted of 60 to 160 men. They were able to mold themselves into the legion when the need aroused or fight separately, as in a rough country. Roman armies were also willing to borrow military weaponry ideas from others as they did with the gladius and the maniples from the Samnites. They were also excellent builders, which came in handy when they needed to build roads and bridges when traveling. * Depiction of Ancient Rome. Image taken from: questgarden.com. * * The Roman government was structured by a constitution. Their constitution is different than that of the United States, as it was unwritten. It was based on tradition and customs. * Romans did not want to have one man as their ruler, as he might treat his people badly, as their last king did. To avoid having one sole ruler, Romans instituted the Separation of Powers system, in which the power of the government was shared among different people with set roles. For example, there were two consuls picked, so one can veto, or stop their actions if they feel that the action was not in the best interest of the people. * * The checks and balance system divided the power of the government between the three branches of government: senate, assemblies, and magistrates. This type of government is called a tripartite government. Each branch could check or stop another branch of government from misusing power. * The rule of law was applied to everyone, even the politicians who in other cities were often exempt from following the city’s rules. * * The toga was a garment that adult men wore wrapped around their bodies. The toga symbolized that the man wearing it was a Roman citizen, as only citizens could wear them. * Roman citizen had the right to a trial and to vote. The Roman citizen’s responsibilities included serving in the army and having civic duty. * * The assembly was made up of all the male citizens of Rome that wished to participate in government. Although the rich and poor participated, the wealthy people vote counted more. At the assemblies, Roman citizens elected officials and passed laws, but the laws they passed could be vetoed by the senate or elected officials. * The Assembly was made up of male citizens that wished to participate in government, while the Senate was made up of the wealthiest and best known men in Rome. The senators were older gentlemen, who were thought of as having more knowledge; do to their life experiences. * * In order to become a magistrate one would first have to be from a very wealthy family, then they would have to work their way up the ladder to that position. * Most magistrates were relatives of former magistrates. * The office of the Magistrates did not represent a democratic aspect of the Roman government. * * The responsibilities of a tribune included: acting as a protector of the Plebeians and having the right to veto a law made by the magistrate that they did not agree with. * Praetors judged cases, managed the city of Rome, and led armies in times of war. * The consuls were the top officials of Rome. They presided over the senate and assemblies, and were the highest judges. * * A dictator was not what it is in modern times. A Roman dictator was called upon in times of great emergency. * One of the most famous dictators of the Roman times was Cincinnatus. He was known as a good man, who was a model citizen. As the dictator, Cincinnatus quickly defeated his enemies and quickly resigned his position to go back to his life on the farm. * The Ancient Roman’s most significant legacy would be their constitution and citizen’s participation in government. * Picture depicts Roman Society: Patricians, Merchants, Artisans, Slaves. Image taken from: schoolhelper.net * * The oldest man in the Roman household had the complete power of the family. He owned all property, he could sell his children into slavery, and he could even kill family members without punishment. * Roman women could own property and had more freedom than Greek women. They went to parties, enjoyed the theater, and participated in religious festivals. Women, though was predominately known for their role as mother, wife, and caretaker of the home. * * The wealthy Romans were placed in two categories. The first was the wealthy person who made their money from the land that they owned and the second is the person who became wealthy due to their business ventures. * Wealthy Romans often lived in one to two story homes that were as large as a city block, some lived in large villas. * Wealthy men handled their business dealing and did all they could to advance their political career. * Wealthy women stayed at home and were expected to supervise the slaves and raise their children. The lives of the poor were very different than the rich. The poor lived in cramped apartments without running water. Most common men and women rented land from wealthy landowners to farm. The other commoners worked as day laborers or ran stores, taverns, or restaurants. * * Slaves were often treated very badly. Some slaves were fortunate and lived in their wealthy master’s homes, helping them cook and clean. Other fortunate slaves became tutors. These slaves were mostly of Greek origins. Slaves overwhelmed the population, with one point reaching 40%. The slave Spartacus changed the outlook of slaves by revolting against the Romans. He eventually failed, but his attempt made a lasting impression. * * The Romans believed in many Gods and Goddesses. Many of their beliefs came from the Greeks and Estruscans. * The Romans had an established religion supported by the government. The government officials often sought the advise of religious officials before making major decisions. The Romans tried to placate their Gods, as they believed that if they made the Gods happy, then they would get what they want. * Picture depicts Hannibal crossing the Alps on an elephant. Image taken from: mrguerriero.blogspot.com * * The army of Carthage, led by Hannibal defeated the Romans in three separate wars, but the Romans did not give up their country. The Romans continued fighting until 218 B.C., when general Scipio defeated the Carthage army. * The Romans were always afraid that Carthaginians would seek revenge for their last lost and thus Rome decided to attack them, before being attacked. The Romans captured Carthage and burned the city and looted it. To ensure that no one would seek revenge against them in the future, they sold the people of Carthage into slavery. * * One of the major causes behind the fall of the Republic was the misuse of power by the magistrates. The magistrates often stole from the people, making them richer and the people poorer than they already were. The magistrates also stole from the wealthy people in foreign countries that they would conquer. This allowed them great wealth and power at home. This also allowed them to use violence in winning elections, instead of going through the appropriate and fair election process. * * The poor became poorer. Tenant farmers lost their livelihood and went to the city looking for work. There were politicians such as the Gracchus brothers who did what they could to help the poor, but in their attempt to do good deeds, they were killed. * * Soldiers were more loyal to their commanders than to the government, because their commander ensured that they were taken care of financially after they left the army. * * Civil wars started to erupt in Rome when people did not agree with one side or the other. Marius and Sulla fought the first civil war. Sulla was chosen by the government to lead the fight against a rich enemy, but Marius was selected by the assembly to lead. This caused an up roar and thus, they went to war. Sulla eventually won and ruled as dictator for a year and then retired. Afterwards, the general Pompey and Caesar came to power. They originally had worked together for the good of Rome, but they too were caught in a fight for power. Caesar won that fight and made himself dictator for life. After he died, his nephew was named ruler and the republic was officially removed and replaced by a monarchy. *