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Ancient Rome & the Rise of Christianity (509 BC – 476 AD) Chapter 6: pages 126-151 Parallel Events (Greece vs. Rome) Ancient Greek Events 490-479 BC: Persian Wars 460 BC: Golden Age of Pericles in Athens 431 BC: Peloponnesian Wars 399 BC: Socrates put to death 331 BC: Alexander the Great conquers Persian Empire: Hellenistic Age 133 BC: end of Greek dominance in Med. world Ancient Rome Events 509 BC: Rome sets up a Republic 450 BC: 12 Tables of Law 396 BC: Etruscan civilization in decline 270 BC: Rome controls most of Italian peninsula 264-146 BC: Punic Wars vs. Carthage 133 BC: Roman power extends from Spain to Egypt Section 1: The Roman World Takes Shape Geography and People of Italy Rome began as a small city-state (Palatine hill) located in the center of the Italian peninsula Apennine mountains run the length of Italy Less rugged than Greek mountains Italy much easier to unify --- no isolated citystates Most Romans settled in the west Fertile plains in the north below the Alps Early Roman People Latins: early ancestors of the Romans & descendants of Aeneas, the hero who fled Troy after the Trojan War Herders and farmers: settled along the Tiber River along the 7 hills Etruscans: dominant group who ruled central and northern Italy – economy based on agriculture, trade and piracy Came from Asia Minor (Lydia according to Herodotus) due to a famine on NE Greek island of Lemnos Called themselves Tyrrhenians in honor of their king Tyrrhenus Romans borrowed Etruscan alphabet (borrowed from the Phoenicians), arch and worshipped similar gods/goddesses Etruscan Origins 1828 AD: a plowman and his oxen crashed through a buried stone roof of a tomb Knowledge of the Etruscan way of life comes from their death Kept the ashes of their dead in urns & also began to bury corpses in underground chambers Loved games: chariot races, wrestling, boxing, discus, dice, handball, marbles & knucklebones (used sheep and goat vertebrae) Other Early Inhabitants Greeks: settled in southern Italy/Sicily in 750 BC Phoenicians: came from Eastern Mediterranean city of Tyre (modern day Lebanon) and settled in southern Italy, Sicily and Carthage great trading & naval power The Phoenicians often traded by means of a galley, a manpowered sailing vessel. They were the first civilization to create the bireme. The Purple People! Greek word for Phoenician (phoinikes) = color purple or crimson (red-purple), through its close association with the famous dye Tyrian purple, used in the textile industry. Tyrian Purple Purpura dye in Mexico! Spiny Dye-Murex – species of sea snail The Roman Republic Latins drove out Etruscan rulers around 509/510 BC Set up a Republic: Govt. of the people Senate (Latin Senex = elder, old man): most powerful governing body made up of 300 patricians; served for life Patricians: landholding upper class Senate members varied from 100 – 300 – 900 – 600 throughout Rome’s history Roman Senate continued! 2 consuls elected from the patrician class (Comitia centuriata) led the Senate. Consuls job was to consult with the Senate, supervise business of the govt. and command the armies Consuls served 1 year term/43 yrs. old/could serve 2 terms but not back-to-back/could veto each other In times of war/crisis: Consuls appointed a dictator to rule for 6 months; many were military commanders Dictator: ruler with complete control over the government Plebeians Demand Equality Plebeians: Commoners such as farmers, merchants, artisans, traders; made up majority of the population Made efforts to gain power 456 BC: 3 patricians sent to Athens to study the laws of Solon 450 BC: 12 Tables of Law (Appius Claudius) set up in the Forum --- made it possible for plebeians to appeal decision of a judge 12 Tables of Law http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/12tables.html Later gained right to elect tribunes (10): Roman plebeian officials who protected the interests of the plebeians Tribunes could veto (block) laws that weren’t in the interest of the common people. They could veto the consuls! They could not veto military decisions! An assault on a tribune was a capital offense! Roman Society Family: basic unit of society - patriarchal Male head of household (usually father) had absolute power Enforced discipline Demanded respect Women: played larger role than most Greek women Could run businesses, attend baths, theater and public entertainment – supported arts and public festivals (similar to the rights of Spartan women!) Most worked at home, however! Education Girls and boys learned to read and write Wealthy Romans hired private tutors (from Greece) to supervise education of children Rhetoric was important subject for boys who wanted to pursue political success www.crystalinks.com/romeducation.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/romans/famil ies.shtml Religion Gods/goddesses resembled Greek and Etruscan deities Statues and temples built throughout Rome Festivals honored the deities http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/worlds_intert wined/etruscan/religion.shtml http://www.gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/roman/ http://www.messagenet.com/myths/names.html Expansion in Italy Roman legion: military unit of 5,000-6,000 men Centuries = 60-100 men; 2 centuries = 1 maniple; 3 maniples = 1 cohort; 10 cohorts (5,000-6,000 men) + 300 cavalry = 1 LEGION Romans built upon the Greek phalanx & made it more flexible. Citizen-soldiers fought without pay at first Values of loyalty, courage & respect for authority = strong soldiers Later years --- soldiers were paid a stipend in salt (from Latin phrase salarium argentum = salt money) ---where we get the word salary 270 BC: Rome controlled most of Italian peninsula Rome & Provinces Loyalty of conquered territories (in Italy) occurred because of the following: Enemies treated with some justice --- could keep most customs, monetary system, govt., etc. Also: partial and/or full citizenship awarded Conquered territories (outside Italy) owed: Tribute/Payment (3 prizes of war): Grain, slaves, treasure Had to acknowledge Roman leadership Had to supply soldiers for the Roman armies Roman Roads Roman armies built a network of roads to link distant territories to Rome. Trade and travel increased but was slow and difficult (word travel related to travail or “torture”) www.teachingideas.co.uk/ history/romanrd.htm