* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Ancient Rome
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Structural history of the Roman military wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Battle of the Teutoburg Forest wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Rome AP European History Objectives • Explain how geography influenced the development of Rome • Discuss the evolution of Roman government • Describe the growth of the Roman Empire • Compare/Contrast the effectiveness of Roman leaders • Discuss the conditions under the Pax Romana • Describe the achievements of Rome • Discuss the rise and spread of Christianity • Explain the decline and fall of Rome Geography of Rome • Italy is the familiar “boot” peninsula jutting out into the Mediterranean Sea • Mountains border Italy on the North (Alps) • The Apennines run the length of the peninsula • The city of Rome is located on a fertile plain, its seven hills provide an advantageous lookout, and the Tiber River provides a transportation route Physical Geography of Italy The Early Roman Republic • Patricians (wealthy landowners) controlled government through the Senate • Plebeians (common people) could not hold public office • Two consuls elected each year – directed government and commanded the army • A dictator was appointed in times of crisis – Held absolute power – Ruled for six months The Roman Army • As Rome expanded it required all landowning citizens to serve • Plebeian numbers in the army increased • Strict training and discipline resulted in an effective military • Divided into legions of 6,000 soldiers • Legions were divided into smaller, more mobile units The Roman Legion Changes in Government • Plebeians demanded increased representation • Assembly of` Centuries – made up of Roman army – chose a censor who registered the population • Assembly of Tribes – Made up of plebeians – Elected ten tribunes to represent them • 451 BCE – drafted a law code – The Twelve Tables of Law • Over time the rights of plebeians increased Roman Expansion (509 BCE – 44 BCE) • Controlled Italian peninsula by 264 BCE • Punic Wars (264 BCE – 146 BCE) – First Punic War - gained Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica – Second Punic War - defeat of Hannibal – Third Punic War – destruction of Carthage • Conquered parts of Spain, southern Gaul, Macedonia, and Greece • Conquests resulted in vast amounts of tribute • Resulted in creation of latifundia (large estates) and many unemployed Early Roman Expansion Decline of the Republic • Vast poor population violence and rebellion • Senate relied upon legions to suppress violence • Popular generals built loyal armies • 88 BCE Sulla victorious in civil war military generals would rule Rome for next 40 years Rise of Julius Caesar • Popularity in Rome from military successes in Spain • 60 BCE – Generals Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus formed alliance – First Triumvirate • Triumvirate soon deteriorated • 49 BCE - Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army • His army entered Rome and conquered army of Pompey Rule of Caesar • Returned to Rome in 44 BCE and appointed dictator for life • Introduced a series of reforms – Distributed land to poor – Gave citizenship to people in provinces – Reduced unemployment – Increased pay for soldiers • Reduced power of Senate • Assassinated in Senate on March 15, 44 BCE Age of Augustus (27 BCE – 14 CE) • First Roman Emperor • Rome entered the Pax Romana (27 BCE – 180 CE) • Golden age of peace and prosperity • Reorganized army – had soldiers settle in provinces • Used civil service system • Established a census for tax purposes Successors to Augustus • Nero – Rome burned in 64 CE • Trajan – empire peaked in size • Hadrian – new laws protecting women, children & slaves, defensive wall across Britain • Marcus Aurelius – fought Germanic invaders on the border Hadrian’s Wall The Pax Romana • • • • • • Rome became an international city Emperors engaged in vast building projects Roman navy protected water trade routes Roman army protected land trade routes Growing gap between rich and poor Use of slaves undermined small farmers and small businesses • Expansion created economic problems – devalued coins and inflation Greco-Roman Achievements • Art & Architecture – mosaics – columns, arches & domes – concrete • Technology & Science – bridges and roads – aqueducts – Pliny the Elder – 37 volume Natural History – Galen – medical encyclopedia Roman Mosaic Greco-Roman Achievements • Literature – Cicero – logical argument – Horace – poetry – Virgil – History of Rome – Tacitus – the Annals • Law – Common standard of justice – Twelve Tables of Law – Foundation of European law codes Rise of Christianity • Roman occupation of Israel led to increased belief in a messiah – savior from God • Gospels give an account of the life of Jesus of Nazareth • Jesus attracted large crowds – stressed love of God and compassion for others • Taught using parables – short stories with simple moral lessons • Arrested by Jewish leaders and taken before Pilate – Roman official • Seen as a threat to Roman authority he received a death sentence from Pilate Spread of Christianity • Twelve apostles chosen to carry on Jesus’ teachings • Apostle Peter traveled to Rome to convert Jews to Christianity • Apostle Paul established Christian communities throughout the Roman Empire • Paul’s letters to various churches helped shape early Christian doctrine • Persecution of Christian martyrs by Roman authorities resulted in growth of converts Church Organization • Bishops administered larger territories called sees • Priests conducted worship services • In time the bishop of Rome became the dominant leader of the church – Pope • Organization created a strong and efficient church system with its own code of law Decline of the Roman Empire • Lack of a system of succession led to many civil wars – Decline in law and order – Disruption of trade – Invaders attacked the empire • Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire in half • Emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium – closer to the commercial center of the empire Fall of the Roman Empire • Germanic tribes invaded Roman territory – Growing Germanic tribes sought new lands – Invasion of Huns into Germanic regions • 451 CE - combined Germanic & Roman force stopped Huns at Battle of Troyes in Gaul • 476 CE – Germanic chief, Odoacer captured Rome fall of western half of Roman Empire Causes of the Decline • Political – Loss of responsibility among Roman citizens toward government – Corrupt leaders lack of capable leaders – Division of the empire difficult to govern • Economic – – – – Loss of tribute from newly conquered lands Civil wars & Germanic invasions disrupted trade & taxation Devaluing of Roman money Heavy taxes and high unemployment • Social – Loyalty decayed – Lack of discipline and patriotism among army recruits – Epidemics and sense of hopelessness