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SOL
Rome
Review
Mediterranean
Sea
•Geographically Rome is
on a peninsula in the
center of which body of
water?
Republic
• Early Latins over threw the
monarchy in 509 BC
• They established a form of
Democracy
• One in which officials are
elected to represent the
citizens
Patricians
• The rich and wealthy land
owners in the Roman
Republic
• Made up the minority of
the population but held the
majority of the power
Plebeians
•Working class citizens of
the Roman Empire
•Could vote but could not
hold power
Tribunes
•Elected officials of the
Plebeians
Consuls
•Highest officials of the
Roman Republic
•Power was limited by a
one year term
•Directed the army and
government
Senate
•Aristocratic branch of
the Roman Republic
•300 member body
Dictator
•Chosen to lead for 6
months in times of crisis
–War
–Famine/Disease
–Natural Disasters
Twelve Tables
•codified Roman Laws
•Put in the forum for all to
see
Legions
•Military units
•5,000 heavily armed foot
soldiers
Carthage
•Phoenician trade colony
in North Africa
•Major trade rival of the
Roman Republic
Punic Wars
•Series of three wars
fought against Carthage
•Rome won and gained
trade rights in the
Western Mediterranean
Sea
Hannibal
•Carthaginian General
who terrorized the
Italian Peninsula during
the second Punic War
•Brought elephants over
the Alps!
Reasons of the collapse
of the Roman Republic
1. Huge gap between the
rich and poor
2. Small family farms were
put out of business by
large farms who used
slave labor
3. Outbreaks of civil wars
Julius Caesar
• Roman General who seized
power
• Became Dictator for life
• Made reforms which
helped the poor
• Assassinated in 44BC by
the Roman Senate
Octavian/Augustus
• Great nephew of Julius
Caesar
• Became emperor after
fighting Marc Antony for
power
• Set up a civil service and
rebuilt Rome’s glory
Pax Romana
• Two centuries of peace
and prosperity under
imperial rule
• Expansion and
solidification of the Roman
Empire, particularly in the
Near East
• Economic impact
• Established uniform system of money,
which helped to expand trade
• Guaranteed safe travel and trade on
Roman roads
• Promoted prosperity and stability
• Social impact
• Returned stability to social classes
• Increased emphasis on the family
• Political impact
• Created a civil service
• Developed a uniform rule of law
Farmers
•The vast majority of
Romans both in the
Republic and in the
Empire were what
profession?
Polytheistic
•Based on the Greek
polytheistic religion
•Explanations of natural
phenomena, human
qualities, and life events
Christianity
• New Faith
• Had its roots in Judaism
• Conflicted with
polytheistic beliefs of
Roman Empire
• Monotheistic
• Life after death
Jesus
• Jewish carpenter from Palestine
• Teachings are the foundation of
Christianity
• Was proclaimed the Messiah
• Conflicted with polytheistic
beliefs of Roman Empire
• Seen as both Son and incarnation
of God
Beliefs/Traditions
• New Testament, containing accounts of
the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as
writings of early Christians
• Christian doctrines established by early
church councils
• Spread of Christianity
• Popularity of the message
• Early martyrs inspired others
• Carried by the Apostles, including Paul,
throughout the Roman Empire
Constantine
•converted to
Christianity and made it
legal.
•Also moved the Capital
to Byzantium
Impact of Christianity
• became the official state religion.
• became a source of moral
authority.
• Loyalty to the Church became
more important than loyalty to
the Emperor.
• The Church became the main
unifying force of Western Europe.
Colosseum
•Largest amphitheatre in
the Roman Empire
•Used for plays,
executions, gladiatorial
fights
Pantheon
•Temple for all Roman
Gods
•Large dome with a hole
at the top
•Massive columns in the
front
Aqueducts
•Used to bring water into
cities
•Series of Arches allowed
water to move from
higher elevation to
lower
Arch
Virgil
•Wrote the epic poem
Aeneid
•In Latin
System of Law
•Most important Roman
Achievement
•“innocent until proven
guilty”
•Still used in the United
States today
Internal causes of the Fall of
the Roman Empire
• Too big to defend
• devaluation of currency/ inflation
• Army membership started to
include non-Romans, resulting in
decline of discipline
• Moral decay: People’s loss of
faith in Rome and the family
• Weak Emperors
External causes of the Fall of
the Roman Empire
•Invasion: Attacks on
borders
–Germanic Tribes
–Huns