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Republican and Imperial Rome The Ancient Etruscans (800-500 BC) Royal Rome (753-510 BC) • • • • The Myth of Romulus Etruscan Rule (6th century BC) The Power of Imperium Senate-Elected King + Elite Senate + Curial Assembly of Citizens • Family is Base Unit • Client-Patron Relationships • Patrician (Noble) and Plebian (Commoner) The Roman Republic (510 BC ?) • Ending is Gradual • Overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus--510 BC Roman Republican Government • Twin Consuls with Military Imperium; limited Domestic Imperium – Emergencies: Dictator (6 months) • Quaestors, Proconsul, Praetors, Censors • Senate controls foreign and domestic affairs • Centuriate Assembly divided by wealth levels Struggle of the Orders (5th-3rd Centuries BC) • • • • Plebians vs. Patricians 10 Tribunes of the Plebians--Power of Veto 367 BC--One Consul seat open to Plebians 287 BC--Plebian assembly now could bind all Romans with laws without Senate • Shift from Patrician to Nobiles rule Conquest of Italy • • • • • • 493 BC--Latin League 390 BC--Gauls Sack Rome Latin War (343-338 BC) Rome Generous to Subjects Southern Italy (4th-3rd century BC) King Pyrrhus of Epirus and Pyrric Victory Carthage Carthage • Phoenician Colony, 814 BC • Dominates West by 5th century BC • Oligarchic Republic: 2 Suffets, Oligarchic Council, Popular Assembly • Mercenaries, not citizen soldiers The Punic Wars • First Punic War: 264-241 BC--Fought for Sicily • Second Punic War (218-202 BC) – – – – – Hannibal Invasion of Italy Cannae: 216 BC, 40,000 defeat 80,000 Publius Cornelius Scipio Battle of Zama: 202 BC Conquests of Rome • The Province System – Tax-Farming • • • • Philip V--197 BC Antiochus III, Magnesia--189 BC Corinth sacked: 146 BC Carthago est Delenda!!!!: 146 BC Greek Influence • • • • Hellenistic Slaves Bring Greek Culture Merger of Greek and Roman Pantheon Cybele and Dionysius/Bacchus Education--Rise of the ‘Classical Education’ – Training in Roman Virtues – Training in Greek Thought (Humanitas) Imperialism and Social Unrest • Rise of the Latifundia / Decline of the Small Farmers Undercuts Military / Social / Political Order • Tiberius Gracchus (168-133 BC) • The Populares vs. Optimates • Gaius Gracchus (159-121 BC) Marius vs. Sulla • Gaius Marius (157-86 BC) and Luius Cornelius Sulla (137-78 BC) vs. Jugurtha – Marius opens army to all citizens to volunteer for long terms • The Social War (90-88 BC) • Marius vs. Sulla • Sulla shows anyone with an army can now rule Marcus Licinius Crassus (115-53 BC) Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC) Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) Caesar’s Rise • Consul and Governor of Gaul (59 BC-50 BC) – Commentaries of the Gallic War • Crassus dies at Carrhae vs. Parthians (53 BC) • The Rubicon and War (49-45 BC) • Caesar Takes Power...but what will he do with it? The Murder of Caesar, Ides of March, 44 BC Second Triumvirate • • • • • Octavian (63 BC-14 AD) Marcus Antonius (83-30 BC) Lepidus (dies 13 BC) Actium -- 31 BC Octavian becomes Princeps Augustus (First Citizen Augustus) The Augustan Principate • Monarch in Republican Clothing -- The Princeps • Controls 20 of 26 legions directly • Reform and Public Works • Vigiles -- Fire Fighters / Police • Professional Military of 300,000 • Restoration of Religion and Morality Rome in 1 AD (Augustus) Ciceronian Culture / Late Republic • Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BC) – Trusted in Law, Custom, and Tradition – An Aristocracy of Virtue (his dream) • Idea of Law of Peoples and Law of Nations • Poetry: – Lucretius (99-55 BC) -- Scientific Poetry – Catallus (84-54 BC) -- Personal Life Augustan Culture: Golden Age of Literature • Virgil (70-19 BC) and the Aenid • Horace (65-8 BC) and his Odes • Ovid (43 BC-18 AD) and the Metamorphoses • Livy (59 BC - 17 AD) and the History of Rome • Architecture and Sculpture Imperial Peace and Prosperity (14 AD to 180 AD) • • • • • The Relatives of Augustus (14-68 AD) The Year of 4 Emperors (68 AD) The Flavian Dynasty (69-96 AD) The Five Good Emperors (96-180 AD) Commodus (180-192 AD) and Trouble to Come Rome in 100 AD Imperial Government • • • • • • Self-Governing Towns Run by Local Elites Territorial Peak: Dacia in 106 AD Hadrian’s Wall Silver Age of Roman Literature Massive Building Projects Second Century AD problems The Roman Insula The Roman Domus Rise of Christianity: Jesus and Judaism • Jesus of Nazareth (?-?, though definitely late 1st century BC to 1st century AD) • The Four Schools of Judaism – – – – The Essenes: Preparing for Apocalypse The Revolutionaries: FREEDOM!!!!!! The Sadducees: Old School Religion The Pharisees: Compassion > Sacrifice Jesus and Paul • Jesus’ 1-3 year mission – The End is Coming – Act Righteously on Earth – Repent and Be Forgiven • Paul (Saul) of Tarsis – Former Persecutor – The Apostle to the Gentiles – Faith Will Save Early Christian Practice • • • • Baptism Agape / Love Feast Prophesy and Interpretation Independent Congregations / Fealty to Apostles in Jerusalem and Founders • By 2nd Century AC, each city had a Bishop • Bishops met in Councils The Council of Jamnia • • • • 90 AD Pharisees respond to fall of Jerusalem Closing of Jewish Canon Throwing out of the Apocrypha Catholicism and Orthodoxy • Romans Persecuted Christians • No Definitive Bible or Creed – Many Alternate Texts • Rise of Catholic / Orthodox tradition • Rise of the Bishop of Rome • The Gnostics – The Gospel of Thomas The Crisis of the Third Century AD • The Severan Dynasty (193-235 AD) • Increased Militarization / Army Most Loyal to Generals, Not State • Economic Problems • Militarization of Society • Civil Disorder: 14 Emperors in 235-268 AD Imperial Recovery: 4th Century AD • • • • Diocletian (284-305 AD) and the Tetrarchy Constantine (306-337) Dominus title Legalization of Christianity Imperial Decline • • • • • Finance Problems Huns Push West Adrianople (378 AD) Deurbanization in West Honorius (395-423 AD) Rome in 400 AD The Huns • 410 AD -- Visigoths Sack Rome; Britain Abandoned • Atilla the Hun (440s-450s AD) – Chalons-Sur-Marne 454 AD • Vandals Sack Rome -- 455 AD • Romulus Augustus, the Last Emperor--476 AD Christian Triumph • • • • • 313 AD--Edict of Milan 394 AD--Paganism is Outlawed Arius of Alexander (280-336 AD) Council of Nicea (325 AD) Council of Hippo (393 AD) and Saint Jerome and the Vulgate (400 AD) Late Imperial Culture • Preservation of Classical Culture • Christianity vs. Paganism • Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (354-430 AD) • Confessions (397-8) • The City of God (410 AD)