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The Geography of Rome Geography • Rome is located on the plain of Latium, one of three fertile areas along the Po River. • Rome was located 18 miles inland on the Tiber River. Close to the sea but not the pirates. • It was easily defended as it was built on 7 hills. People • Indo-Europeans peoples moved into Italy from about 1500 to 1000 BCE – The Latins settled in the region of Latium. – Herders and farmers spoke Latin, an Indo-European language. • After 800 BCE, Greeks and Etruscans moved into Italy. Italy in 750 BCE Cultural Diffusion • Greeks settled in southern Italy and Sicily – Giving the Romans their alphabet and artistic models for sculpture, architecture, and literature. • Etruscans turned Rome from a village into a city and gave the Romans their mode of dress - toga and short cloak – The organization of the Roman army was modeled on the Etruscan army Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus The Roman Republic • In 509 BCE the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic. – Republic- the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote. • Enemies surrounded Rome, so the young republic began a long period of continuous warfare. Roman Confederation • The Latins had full Roman citizenship. • Allies controlled their own local affairs but gave soldiers to Rome. • Soldiers could become Roman citizens. Roman Virtues • Duty, courage, and discipline • Examples found in writings such as Cincinnatus written by Roman historian Livy. • Success is owed to the Roman skill of diplomacy. – Extending Roman Citizenship – Allowing states to run their internal affairs • They were persistent soldiers. • They were excellent strategists. Social Groups • Patricians – large landowners who formed the ruling class. (Only ones to hold elected office.) • Plebians – landowning farmers, craftspeople and merchants. • Both groups were citizens and could vote. Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians) Job Descriptions of Political Positions • Consuls – part of executive branch – There were two consuls • They ran the government and • Led the army into battle. • Praetor(s) – part of executive branch – He directed the civil law. – A second Praetor was added to handle non-citizen law. Legislative Branch • The Roman Senate – made up of 300 patricians who served for life. – It started out as an advisory group . – By 200-300’s BCE, it had the force of law. • The Centuriate Assembly – was organized by classes based on wealth, so the wealthiest were always the majority. – It elected the consuls and praetors. – It passed laws. • Council of Plebs – a popular assembly was created in 471 BCE •By the 300’s BCE plebians could be consuls •By 287 BCE the council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for all of Rome. •None-the-less, the wealthy ruling class dominated political life. • Tribune of the Plebs - Officials empowered to protect the plebians. The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Roman Law • Twelve Tables – Rome’s first written law code adopted in 450 BCE • Law of Nations – handled legal questions that arose involving Romans and non-Romans. – Its standards of justice applied to all people equally and used principles recognized today. • A person is innocent until proven otherwise • The accused has a right to a defense before a judge, and judges should decide cases based on evidence. The Roman Forum Practical Engineers • They built towns throughout conquered Italy and connected them with roads. • They created political institutions that responded to problems. Rome’s Early Road System Roman Roads: The Appian Way Roman Aqueducts The Roman Colosseum The Colosseum Interior Circus Maximus Roman Expansion in the Mediterranean • Carthage had been started as a Phoenician colony on the northern coast of Africa. • As it grew it became a strong trading empire in the Mediterranean. • There were Carthaginians in Sicily which was unnerving to the Romans. Carthaginian Empire First Punic War (264-241 BCE) • – Rome built a large navy and sent troops to Sicily. Rome won the war and Sicily in 241 BCE making it Rome’s first province. Second Punic War (218-202 BCE) • – This was about revenge. The greatest Carthaginian general, Hannibal took a large army including 6000 horses and elephants into Spain marched north into the Alps. • 2nd Punic War continued… – Rome was truly threatened, at the Battle of Cannae, Rome lost almost 40,000 men. – Rome raised another army. – Hannibal was unable to successfully attack any major cities. – Meanwhile Rome attacked Carthage, forcing Hannibal to go back. – At the Battle of Zama Rome crushed Hannibal's forces. – Spain became the second province of Rome. Hannibal’s Route • Third Punic War – (151-146 BCE) • Rome attacked Carthage. – 50,000 men, women and children were sold into slavery – The territory of Carthage became a Roman province called Africa. – Rome now controlled the western Mediterranean. • In the same century Rome also conquered Macedonia and Greece making Rome the master of the Mediterranean Sea. Political Developments • By the end of the Punic Wars, the senate was mostly made of landed aristocracy – a small group of wealthy, powerful families. • There was a new urban class of landless poor and Rome suffered growing economic and social unrest. – Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were reform minded aristocrats who called for the return of land to those who had lost it. From Bad to Worse • Tiberius was assassinated by a group of senators in 133 BCE. Later, his brother would also be killed as discontent and unrest grew. • A change in the Army worsened matters – First century BCE, General Marius recruited soldiers from amount the landless poor, promising them land for loyalty to HIM, not to the state. – The council of Plebs wanted to give him power, but he would have competition for the rule of Rome. – He set a precedent for generals to become political. Reform Leaders Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius • recruited an army from the poor and homeless. • professional standing army. Sulla • Sulla was the next general to wield great political power. • He had control in the east (Asia Minor) • Civil war broke out when the council of plebs tried to give Marius command. • Sulla won by seizing Rome in 82BCE • Sulla restored power to the Senate and took away most of the powers of the popular assemblies. Collapse of the Republic • Sulla’s seizure of Rome led to 50 years of civil war. • Three men emerged victorious and became Rome’s first triumvirate. – Crassus- more a moneyed power than military power; especially since Pompey took credit for downing the Spartacus Rebellion – Pompey – military commander – Julius Caesar – equestrian, war hero • Crassus was killed off quickly. The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey Senate Chooses Pompey • The senate ordered Julius Caesar to give up his command. • He refused. • He kept his loyal army and moved into Italy illegally by crossing the Rubicon River. Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast! Comparing Law Codes • Read the Twelve Tables • Re-read the Code of Hammurabi and Jewish Law Codes • Make a list of Similarities and differences between the three. • Answer this question: How is the Roman code completely different from the earlier codes? Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE • Caesar defeated Pompey and became dictator in 47BCE • He filled the Senate with his supporters to weaken its power. • A group of senators assassinated Caesar in 44BCE The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus The Second Triumvirate • Octavian, Antony and Lepidus • Octavian and Antony divided the Roman world between themselves; – Antony took the east • He married Cleopatra, though he was already married, to add Egypt to Rome. – Octavian took the west • He defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle Actium in 31 BCE. • Both fled Egypt and committed suicide a year later. – A new period of Roman history was ushered in – The Age of Augustus Home Work • Priority 1 – Vocabulary Quiz tomorrow, Wednesday 20 Feb. 08. • Priority 2 – Assignment # 5 The Period of Emperors • Due Date – Thursday 21 Feb. 08 Vocabulary for Quiz • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • "Mare Nostrum Romulus & Remus Etruscans Tarquinian republic patrician plebeian Cincinnatus tribune consul Senate Assembly veto dictator legion centurian • • • • • • • • • • Praetorian Guard Twelve Tables Law of Nations augar paterfamilias hearth Punic Punic Wars Hannibal "Iron-Fist-in-the-Velvet-Glove" foreign policy • Gracchi Brothers • agrarian • Spartacus Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor Age of Augustus • Octavian proclaimed “ the restoration of the Republic” in 27 BCE – Really he had more power than the senate • Was given the title Augustus meaning revered one. • He was also given the title - “Imperator” which is emperor – He had an army of 28 legions of 5,000 troops each. Only citizens could be in the legions. – He had auxiliary forces (open enrollment) that numbered around 130,000. – He also had a praetorian guard of 9,000. The First Roman Dynasty The Early Empire 14-180 CE • Rule became dynastic (adopted or natural) • First four emperors after Augustus were of his line. Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero – Under them the emperors gained more power, became more corrupt. – Nero had anyone who came in his way – killed. His mom too. – Nero controlled the army giving the Senate no power. – The army finally turned against him and he commit suicide. • Then came the five good emperors – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE Pax Romana • See supplemental handout for overview. • Expansion of Rome – Under Trajan – Roman rule went into Dacia, Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula. – Trajan expanded Rome to its largest territory. – Hadrian realized the empire was getting to large to rule so withdrew troops from Mesopotamia and became defensive along Rome’s frontiers. Hadrian’s Wall Cultural Diffusion • Roman culture, law and Latin language spread into the western part of the empire. • Greek was used in the east. • The mixture of the two resulted in the Greco-Roman Civilization. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE Christianity and Rome • Jesus began to preach in the midst of this conflict. Humility, charity and love of others. • The Judeans turned Jesus over to the Romans as a subversive because they though he might cause people to revolt against Rome. • The procurator, Pontius Pilate, ordered his crucifixion. • Simon Peter – he and other disciples taught that Jesus was the Savior and Son of God who had come to Earth to save all people. Jesus’ death could make up for people's sins and offer them salvation. • Paul of Tarsus – he followed Jesus command to preach the gospel to both Jews and non-Jews or Gentiles. He founded many Christian communities in Asia Minor and along the Aegean Sea. St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles • Between 40 and 100 CE Paul wrote down letters to Christian communities and other disciples are believed to have written down Jesus’ sayings. These form the Gospels of Jesus life and teachings, the basis of the New Testament. • At first Romans paid little attention to the spread of Christianity, • Then the political order saw it as harmful to public order and morals since the Christians would not worship Roman gods. • Roman persecutions had begun under Nero who blamed them for a fire that burned much of Rome. Triumph of Christianity • Persecution forced Christianity to become more organized. • Bishops controlled Christian communities. • A distinction arose between the clergy and the laity. • Reasons for growth of Christianity – – – – It was a more personal religion. It was familiar in its offer of immortality. It fulfilled the human need to belong. It was attractive to the poor and powerless. A Change in Imperial Attitude • Emperors in the third century began new waves of persecution. • Diocletian was the last. • Then, Constantine became the first Christian emperor – Edict of Milan officially sanctioned tolerating Christianity • Then under Theodosius the Great, Christianity became the official state religion. The Spread of Christianity Imperial Roman Road System Art, Architecture and Literature • Art – Romans developed a taste for Greek art. Greek statues adorned their cities and homes. • Architecture – innovated a dome, arch and vault. They built roads, bridges, and aqueducts. • Literature - high point during Age of Augustus – Virgil – famous poet who wrote the Aeneid. – Horace – famous poet; his satires poke fun at weaknesses, follies and vices of the human race. – Livy – wrote History of Rome. He traced the history of Rome from its inception to 9 BCE. Accentuated moral lessons. Not always accurate. Roman Family • The family was headed by the paterfamilias- the dominant male. • The household included the paterfamilias, the wife, sons and their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves. • Romans raised their children at home. • All upper-class children learned to read. • Teachers were often Greek slaves. Family Life • Boys learned reading, writing, moral principles, family values, law and physical training. • Males ended their childhood at 16 with a special ceremony-the trade in of the purple-edge toga for the white toga. • Romans believed in the weakness of women so they were required to have male guardians. • The Paterfamilias also arranged the marriage of his daughters. More Family Stuff • Legal minimum age for girls to marry was 12, but 14 was more common. • For boys 14. • Divorce was introduced in the third century CE and was easy for either sex to obtain. By the second century CE the paterfamilias could not • sell his children into slavery or have them put to death. • Women increasingly were not required to have a male guardian. • Upper-class women could own, sell, and inherit property. • Roman wives were never segregated from their men in the home • Outside the home, women could attend the races, the theater, and events in the amphitheater. – Seating was segregated. • Women could not participate in politics. Slavery • No people relied on slavery as much as the Romans. – Before the third century BCE, even a small Roman farmer would have one or two slaves. • War captives had been brought to Italy as slaves. • Greeks were prized as tutors, musicians, doctors and artists. • Slaves worked in ships, kept house, waited tables, were personal servants and made crafts. • They built roads and public buildings. Slavery Cont. • Masters feared slave revolts • Punishments were harsh: the murder of a master by a slave might mean all the remaining household’s slaves would be killed. – Sparticus 73 BCE 70,000 slaves joined up and defeated several Roman armies before being defeated. Thousands of his followers were crucified. The Rise of Christianity Roman Religion • Augustus revived traditional Roman religious festivals and ceremonies to bring back the state religion. • By 6 CE, Judea was a Roman province under the direction of a procurator. – Sadducees counseled and cooperated – Essenes awaited a Messiah to deliver them from oppression. – Zealots advocated overthrowing Roman rule • In 66CE a revolt was crushed by the Romans. The Decline • 180 CE After the death of the last good emperor, Marcus Aurelius, Rome was ruled by Severans. – Their motto was “pay the soldiers and ignore everyone else.” – Their rule ended between 235-284 CE – Rome was ruled by whoever had the army to seize it. • There were 22 emperors over these years. • Twenty died violently. Invaders • • • • Persians Germanic peoples Invasions, civil wars, and plague Trade and small industry declined, and there was a labor shortage due to plague • Farm production declined on fields ravaged by invaders. The Empire in Crisis: 3c • Money was short, but Rome needed soldiers more than ever. • It grew dependent on Germanic mercenaries. • Diocletian and Constantine revived Rome – It had a new governmental structure, a rigid economic and social system and a new religion. – Diocletian divided the empire into four sections, each with its own ruler to administrate its extremely large expanse. – Constantine continued the policies. Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE • Both Diocletian and Constantine expanded the bureaucracy and enlarged the army to five hundred thousand troops. – Expanding the civil service and military drained the treasury. – To fight inflation, Diocletian issued strict wage and price controls for the entire empire. – Both issued edicts forcing people to stay in their jobs. – Free farmers increasingly were in debt to large landowners. • In 324 Constantine became the sole ruler of Rome • He had Byzantium transformed into Constantinople which became the eastern capitol of Rome. Constantine: 312 - 337 Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330) The Fall • The empire restored by Diocletian and Constantine continued for anther hundred plus years. • In the second half of the fourth century, Huns form Asia moved into eastern Europe and put pressure on the Germanic Visigoths. • The Visigoths moved south, crossing the Danube into Roman territory. • They had been allies, but they revolted and defeated a Roman army in 378. • In 410 Visigoths sacked the city of Rome. • In 455, the Vandals also sacked the city. • Romulus Augustus was deposed by the Germanic head of the army which is what we pin point as the fall. Theories to Explain the Fall • Christianity weakened Rome’s military virtues • Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominent positions • Lead poisoning from water pipes and vessels caused a mental decline • Slavery held Rome back from advancing technologically • Rome’s political system proved unworkable. Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian The Byzantine Emperor Justinian The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering • Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch