* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 5 Republic and Empire
Promagistrate wikipedia , lookup
Structural history of the Roman military wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman technology wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 5 and 6 Roman Republic and Roman Empire 1 I. Emergence of Rome a) Geography i. ii. iii. b) c) Mountains Plains Rivers Inhabitants Neighbors and Influences Origin of Rome – Stories and Myths Etruscans Early Rome: 753 – 509 BC II. III. IV. a) Two Groups Living on Peninsula i. Greeks ii. Etruscans Roman Republic: 509 – 31 BC V. a) b) c) d) e) Political Economic Religious Military and Conquest Family and Gender i. ii. iii. f) Husbands Wives Adoption Slavery g) Culture i. Laws ii. Culture / Attitudes iii. Struggle of Orders – Social Divisions h) Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic i. Growing Unrest ii. New Role for Roman Army iii. Collapse of the Roman Republic Roman Empire: 31 BC – 4th century AD VI. Age of Augustus 31 BC – 14 AD a) i. ii. iii. Military Political Social Structure Early Empire 14 AD – 180 AD b) i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. c) Political Military Economic Social Culture Family and Gender Legal Religion Late Empire / Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire i. ii. iii. iv. Civil Wars Invasions Christianity Reforms v. Diocletian Constantine Causes of the Decline and Fall of the Empire VII. Selected Emperors and their Stories VIII. Conclusion Roman history can be divided into three periods or episodes: Rome’s Origins: 753-509 B.C. Roman Republic: 509 B.C. and 31 B.C. Roman Empire: 31 B.C. to A.D. 476 I. Emergence of Rome a) Geography i. Mountains Apennine ii. Plains Latium iii. Rivers Tiber River Po Arno Rubicon b) Inhabitants a) Neighbors and Influences • • • Aequi, Greeks Sabines, Volscians Etruscans Origin of Rome – Stories and Myths II. Latin Speakers – Indo European Aeneas • Virgil, TheAeneid – Written 30 BC – Lavinium – Aeneas, Lavinia, Silvius. – Silvius, Ascanius. – Alba Longa – Thirteen kings ruled after Ascanius … and the 13th was Amulius. Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C. • • • Rome – hilltop on plain of Latium Horatius Shepherds III. Etruscan a) Etruscans a) North b) Greatest impact on early development IV. Early Rome, 753-509 B.C. DO NOT WRITE – JUST READ Livy admitted that: "Events before Rome was born have come down to us in old tales with more of the charm of poetry than of sound historical record, and such traditions I propose neither to affirm nor refute." a) Two Main Groups living on the Italian Peninsula Greeks Greatest impact overall. Alphabet, Olives, Art, Cultural models, architecture, literature Etruscans Control 100-125 years adopted many Etruscan customs - alphabet, toga, vaulted arch, gladiatorial contests. 9 Creation of executive office – Consul – to be given to two men, who would eventually be called consuls. To prevent tyranny They could only serve for one year at a time. V. Roman Republic 509 – 31 BC a) Political In 509 B.C., and after having expelled the Etruscans, the Romans constructed a form of political organization we call a republic. Citizenship? Four Major Components – Checks and Balances 1) Two magistrates or consuls 2) Senate 3)Assembly of Centuries 4)Assembly of Tribes b) Economic i. Farming ii. Figs Corn Grains Fruit trees Olives Vegetables Grape vines Trade Textiles Metals Pottery Olives Wine Wool c)Roman Religion Polytheistic Every aspect of life was responsibility of individual powers (numen) Morphed Greek gods into Roman Piety toward others gods Entrails, burnt offerings, feed the gods gods – authority – state Less personal – more civic duty Cults Dionysus 13 d)Military and Conquest Need to consolidate power South – Aequi, Greeks East – Sabines, Volscians North – Etruscans Gauls on the march – 4th century sacked Rome 493 B.C. established the Latin League Roman form of conquest - made them partners. Confederacy – all conquered and assimilated Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.E.) Punic Wars – (Carthage and Rome) First Punic War, 264-241 B.C.E. Second Punic War, 218-201 B.C.E. • began in Spain. 15 Third Punic War, 149-146 B.C.E. By 44 B.C., the Romans controlled all of Spain, Gaul (France), Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, and most of North Africa (80% of the coastal lands of the Mediterranean). e) Roman Family and Gender Paterfamilias Husbands / fathers Power Absolute Women / wives More opportunity than in Greece Divorce Arranged marriages Dowry Roles changed as empire expanded and by 2nd century AD divorce more common Women more control Father did not transfer control to husband When father died, daughter had more control of her life – dowry. Adoption Children 16 Not all members born into family became members of family legal rights as natural born Domus Etruscan architecture Wealthy – domus – estates, compounds\ Poor – insula – apartments f) Slavery Slavery common in ancient world Before 3rd century – 1-2 slaves per farmer During Republic period, most were from conquest Prestigious to have many slaves 18 Greeks – had greatest influence on Rome overall. Irony Revolts First Slave Revolt 135-132 B.C. Second Slave Revolt 104-100 B.C Third Slave Revolt 73 BC Sicily, Spartacus - revolted in 73 B.C.E. g) Culture i. Law: Laws of the Twelve Tables. i. Commission, statutes to fill ten bronze tablets, plebeians were dissatisfied, two additional tablets were added. ii. Culture and Attitudes: Romans - practicality and efficiency 19 iii. The Struggle of the Orders: Social Divisions in the Roman Republic – – • Plebians – poverty during 1st half of Republic – – • 20 Withdrawal from city (1st half of 5th century BC) Demands Assembly of Plebeians created in 471 B.C.E. – – • The "Struggle of the Orders" – a struggle between patrician and plebeian – developed over the issue of legality. In 494 B.C., the plebeians threatened to leave Rome and set up their own independent state.. 4th century B.C.E. plebeians permitted to become consuls Theoretically, by 287 B.C.E. all Roman citizens equal under the law Outside enemies h) Decline / Fall of Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.) i. Growing Unrest i. Latifundias contribute to the decline of small farms i. Farm landowners were the backbone of the Roman army ii. Small farmers drifting to the cites forming a large class of landless poor By the middle of the 2nd century, there was a threefold problem brewing in the Roman Republic. • • • 1) the senatorial class, growing in number and more wealthy than ever before 2) the urban masses were divorced from the land 3) the army disgusted by the senatorial class 133 B.C. Roman politics, polarized around two factions in Senate: "Optimates" "Populares“ Reforms Gracchi brothers land reform ii. New role for the Roman army Social War and the arrival of Marius and Sulla Marius Loyalty Oath iii. Collapse of the Republic 22 Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar (1st Triumvirate) Rome and its Emperors (select few) Republic 509 BC – 31 BC Age of Augustus 31 BC – 14 AD Roman Empire 14 AD – 455 AD (approximate) Roman VI. Roman Empire: 31 BC – 4th Century AD i. Age of Augustus (31 [could also be 29] B.C. -14 AD) a) Military To maintain order foreign and domestic – • Army – 28 legions; 150,000 men – Auxiliaries – Praetorian Guard • Stabilization of the frontiers b) Political Emperor Augustus given title of imperator (commander-in-chief) by the senate Inherited the Republican system Governing the provinces c) Social Structure Roman belief – governance of world Augustus encouraged upper class birthrate Adultery was made criminal Revised tax laws Social Stratification: Limited Mobility 24 A divine rule believed by all Romans Senatorial – economic based Equestrian – anyone who owned property valued at 400,000 sesterces Lower Classes – lost power when assemblies dismantled ii. The Early Empire (14-180) a) Political • Five Good Emperors (96-180) – – – – – – Augustus’ stepson and subsequent four emperors = Five Good Emperors Pax Romana Public work projects Equal treatment Tolerance / Diplomacy Peace and prosperity for nearly 100 years. b) Military Frontiers and Provinces • Consolidation of the frontier • Strengthening the provinces Cities and towns spread culture, law, and Latin language c) Economic Prosperity Extensive trade -- food and luxury goods Agriculture the primary occupation Industrial development: bronze work, pottery, brickmaking d) Social Conditions Increased wealth – better conditions in Rome Wealthy and poor treated well 212 – Roman citizenship for all e) Culture and Society in the Roman World Roman Literature Subsidized by wealthy patrons and by state • Catullus (c. 87-54 B.C.E.) • Virgil (70-19 B.C.E.), Aeneid – Virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness • Horace • Ovid • Livy Roman Art Copy Greek statues Architecture • Arch, vault, and dome f) Family Upper Class Patrician / Equestrian • Living conditions - good • Weakened paterfamilias • Women – more independence Lower Classes • • • • Living conditions – poor Drudgery of life Free grain Entertainment g) Roman Law Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E. • Codified • Civil law Law of nations – Natural Rights • Justice, Equality, Innocence • All men equal before law (more theory than practiced) Standards of justice established • Innocent until proven guilty • Right to defend themselves before a judge 28 h) Religion Augustus attempted to revive Roman religion of worship many gods • Polytheistic • Toleration Mystery religions / cults • Hellenistic cults – Sacrificial, emotional, bonding – Mithras: agent for chief god of light (Sun) The Jews By 6 AD Judea was made a Roman province Unrest among the Jews • • • • 29 Sadducees Pharisees Essenes Zealots Revolt of Jews in 66 was crushed by Romans four years later Growth of Christianity • Jesus of Nazareth (c. 6 B.C.E.-29 C.E.), Messiah • Paul of Tarsus (c. 5-c. 67) – Preach the message to all, not just Jews – Key figure in spreading Christianity outside Jewish community iii. Late Empire / Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Imperial Rome Largest population of any city in empire – 1.5 million Polyglot Overcrowded / noisy Police force Chasm between rich / poor free grain Entertainment!! Gladiatorial contests – amphitheater or Coliseum • Public spectacles • Coliseum could seat 50,000 Condemned men and gladiators – sometimes free men – trained in gladiator schools Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Military Monarch 193 - 235 Civil war, 235 - 284 Invasions • Persians • Germanic Tribes 32 Plagues Population declined, trade and industry declined, labor shortage, soldiers looted from farmers, debased coinage (inflationary), armies unpaid and yet needed, agricultural collapse, economic collapse, invasions, plagues – and the Romans looked to mercenaries to help – hired Germans. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine Diocletian (284-305) • Four administrative units • Economic policies Constantine (306-337) • • • • • Expanded on Diocletian’s reforms Edit of Milan New capital Political reforms Military reforms Theodosius the Great – 378 AD – Christianity became official state religion throughout empire Fall of the Western Roman Empire Invasions • Huns, Visogoths (germanic) – Adrianople 378 – 451 – Aetius and Theodoric v. Huns under Attila • Rome sacked by Visogoths • Rome sacked by Vandals in 455 Other Causes for fall 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In the East, the Eastern Roman Empire continued for another 1000 years. Byzantia Constantinople VII. Selected Emperors and their stories: Julius Caesar - Antony – Cleopatra / Octavian and Octavius Tiberius Gaius Claudius: Nero: VIII. Conclusion