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Geography • Italy • 1st settled along the Tiber River • Geographic Advantages –Low Mountains – Rome UNITES! –Fertile Plains – Population Grows! –Mediterranean – Trade=Wealth=Power • Result – Rome becomes dominant Who were the Etruscans? • The “first” native people of the Italian Peninsula. • Theocratic monarchy ruled focusing mostly in modern Tuscany. • Ruled from appx. 800 – 508 BCE • Origin of the Etruscans a mystery – some think Hungary (language), Greek (Customs), Lydia (Herodotus), maybe not even original (Latins) Etruscans (Cont.) • Etruscans first to introduce many technological achievements. • May have provided inspiration for Roman Republic gov’t. (Etruscan League) • Romulus and Remus originally in Etruscan lands. Romans take Control… • ~600 B.C. – The Etruscans Controlled all of Italy – Expelled from Rome in 509 B.C. • Romans now control Rome – By 200’s BCE all of Etruscan culture will be absorbed into Rome. So Who Were the Romans? • A Mystery… • Not exactly sure where they came from, but formed Republic by 6th C BCE. • Romulus and Remus story… • Absorbed Greek and Etruscan culture. • Absorbed neighboring Latins and adopted their language. • Created a gov’t without religious influence. The Roman Republic • Republic: gov’t in which representatives and/or officials are chosen by citizens • Elements of the R.R. – Senate – Tribune – Consul – Dictator • 2 Classes of Roman citizens – Patricians – Plebeians 2 CLASSES OF ROMAN CITIZENS Plebeians • Mostly poor • Farmers, merchants, soldiers, artisans • ~90% of population Patricians • Wealthiest & most powerful citizens (Controlled the Senate) • ~10% of population THE ROMAN SENATE The Governing body of Rome 300 Members Officials elected by citizens The Lawmakers Only Patricians could be Senators TRIBUNES Added to the Senate at by 450 BCE Protected Plebeians Prevented abuse of Patrician power Victories: –VETO! Power –Written Laws – The 12 Tables CONSULS Two Patricians Chosen by Senators Supervise Gov’t Command Army Serve 1 year terms One Becomes Dictator during war Class Struggles In early Rome there were great struggles over the Patrician’s power and perceived lack of power for the Plebeians. By 450 BC, the Plebian Assembly forced the writing of the Twelve Tables which guaranteed certain rights. Full rights by 287 BCE Patron-Client relationship between Patricians / Plebeians. Oligarchy in charge even after plebian rights. Constitution built over time. How Rome Becomes a Power… Stage 1 – Uniting all of Italy Stage 2 – Conflict with Carthage and the Punic Wars. Stage 3 – Attacking and uniting the Hellenistic World The Roman Legions Rome’s Army was its strength Superior organization Citizen soldiers fight for glory of Rome and self. Fighting a privilege and a right. Uniting Italy… The Romans were constantly at war with their neighbors after appx. 500 BCE. They were pushing against the local Latin tribes, especially the Samnites by 321 BCE. Despite being sacked by the Gauls in 345 BCE, they Romans dominated the northern half of Italy by 290 BCE. By the end of the Pyrrhic Wars against the Southern Greek city states in 272 BCE Rome controlled the majority of the Italian peninsula – The Italian Confederacy… The Punic Wars 3 Wars: Rome vs. Carthage •266 to 146 B.C. Why did Rome and Carthage Throw Down… Two Big Bullies on the Block. Expansion by both led to territorial threats (Sicily) Rome becomes a cosmopolitan city and so was Carthage. First Punic War (264-241 BCE) Rome upset over Carthaginian conquest of Sicily. Initially are beaten soundly at the Battle of Lipari Islands. Builds huge navy to counteract Carthage’s superior numbers. Used new ship type, corvus, which latched onto ships, to bring army into naval war. After Carthages defeat, huge indemnities paid by them to Rome. Lead Up To the Second Punic War (218-201 BCE) After first war, Carthage invades Spain to gain minerals. Faced revolt of Mercenary War – Rome actually helps Carthage. However, Rome increases indemnity owed and gains Sardinia and Corsica because Carthage was under siege. Causes more friction… The Second Punic War By 218 BCE, the Carthaginians were paying back their indemnity with Spanish silver. The Romans accused the Spanish governor, Hannibal, of crossing over agreed lines. This led to war. Hanibal was military genius, and Rome got lucky. Rome also opened a front with the Macedonians (Alexander’s relatives) at same time. Hannibal Almost Victorius Hannibal crossed Alps and attacked Rome from north. Took dozens of elephants across mountains, only 3 dozen remained at end. Strategically and militarily, Hannibal almost ended Rome. Battle of Cannae – Rome lost entire 60,000 person army to Hannibal’s forces. Interspersing of troops and pincer move. Romans decimated and entire army was gone. Hannibal quickly moved on Rome to siege them. Rome’s Darkest Days…. Hannibal trekked around Italy for 15 years trying to get a decisive blow, however Rome drafted a new army and their allies never waivered. Romans began cutting off his supplies. Romans then defeated Carthage in Spain via great young General Scipio Roma Victa Romans attack Carthage proper. Hannibal forced to retreat from Italy and face Rome on seas. Romans defeat Carthage and take all property but the city itself after Battle of Zama Carthage humiliated and loses all power. Rome turns attention to Macedonia and roundly defeats them. Rome Defeats Carthage The 2nd War •Scipio (Rome) vs. Hannibal (Carthage) •Hannibal invades Rome Carthaginian Elephant Armies Hannibal invades from the North of Italy He has trouble crossing the Alps The Third Punic War (149-146 BCE) • Rome pissed that there are revolutions in won territories. • War launched to destroy mostly because of Roman Senate – made absurd demands of Carthaginians. • Scipio Aemilanus sieges Carthage to defeat. • Total Destruction of Carthage • City burned to ground People sold into slavery Result of Expansion The Romans then turned to Greece and subjugated the entire area via the Second Macedonian War. Rome created a “jus gentium” law of the nations which applied to all. Rome built wealth off of Spanish silver and taxes on Plebeians. Greeks begin flooding as slaves and immigrants… Result of Expansion (Cont.) Slaves become 1/3 of Roman Population. Generally ruler ship conducted by local officials with normal taxation. Great building projects. The Problems of Ruling Post 146 BCE, Rome faced internal struggles. Roman citizens take Rome for granted. Latfundia’s Gracchan Revolts • Tiberius Graccus – Tribune who challenged • land owners by restricting access to state lands Killed by Senators with followers for seeking two terms. Gracchan Revolts….2.0 Gaius Gracchus takes the cause… • By 123 BCE, was elected Tribute. • Attempted to appeal to Equites, plebeian • • • businessmen Still tried land reform like brother. Also killed by Senate, along with followers. Rome in major decline… The Social War (90-88 BCE) After the end of Gracchan revolts, the Consul Marius gained favor with army by promising them wealth and higher payment – set precedent. Italian Allies sought equal citizenship – Rome refused and Generals begin fighting for power. Eventually Consul Julius Caesar sought a Lex Julia – or citizenship extension to all allies. The Social War Cont. After the war was over, Senate offered command to a General Sulla to put down a threat in Asia. Marius was insulted, marched on Rome. Rome thrown into chaos, especially when Sulla returned. He became dictator and instituted antidemocratic reforms – effectively killed Assembly. The Servile Wars All slave insurrections… First Servile War – (135-132 BCE) – in Sicily led by a prophet Eunus. Second Servile War – (104-100 BCE) – In Sicily led by Salvius. Third Servile War – (73-71 BCE) – Mainland Italy – led by Spartacus put down by Pompey and Crassus Julius Caesar’s Rise Brilliant general Conquers Gaul (modern France) & invades Britannia for “the Greatness of Rome” The People Love Him! Julius Caesar Takes Power 60 B.C. – Named Consul ALLIANCE: •The Triumvirate •A Rule of 3 •Controls Rome w/Pompey & Crassus The Triumvirate Crassus Pompey Julius Caesar Caesar’s Absolute Power Crassus dies in 53 BCE Pompey convinces Senate to ask Caesar to relinquish command of troops. “Crossing the Rubicon” Civil War in Rome: Caesar vs. Pompey •Caesar is Victorious Caesar The Ruler Caesar elected Dictator in 49 BCE (10 yr. term) Massive reform of tax, land, and legal code. Extended citizenship. Re-organized town gov’t. Public works program = jobs Death of Caesar In 44 BCE named dictator for life. Senate worried about new powers and the end of Senatorial rule. Killed Caesar Civil War….again Plunged the countryside into war over power. Cassius and Brutus sought power Were defeated by a triumvirate of Lepidus, Mark Anthony (two of Caesars’ trusted generals) and Octavian, his adopted son. Rise of Octavian Caesar’s nephew Forms the Second Triumvirate with Marc Antony and Lepidus The Second Triumvirate Marc Antony Lepidus Octavian TROUBLE IN ROME: Marc Antony meets Cleopatra Octavian accuses them of plotting to overthrow Rome Octavian vs. Antony Civil War: Octavian is Victorious! EMPEROR AUGUSTUS!!! Renamed: Republic is dead!!! Rome is now an Empire!!! The