Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Fetal origins hypothesis wikipedia , lookup
Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of depression wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases wikipedia , lookup
GN 301 Honors/Scholars March 19, 2008 Mark Saine Jordan Brown Melissa Martell Sarah Compton Alzheimer’s Disease Schizophre nia Mental Illness & Genetics Depression Bipolar Disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD), also called Alzheimer disease or simply Alzheimer's, is the most common cause of dementia, afflicting 24 million people worldwide. Alzheimer's is a degenerative and terminal disease for which there is currently no known cure. In its most common form, it occurs in people over 65 years old although a less-prevalent early-onset form also exists. • There are more than 5 million people in the United States living with Alzheimer’s. • Every 72 seconds, someone develops Alzheimer’s. • The direct and indirect costs of the disease and other dementias amount to more that $148 billion annually. • • • • • • • • • Memory loss Difficulty Performing familiar tasks Problems with language Disorientation to time and place Poor judgment Misplacing things Changes in mood and behavior Changes in personality Loss of initiative Alzheimer’s Disease Age-related Forgets entire experiences Forgets part of an experience Is gradually unable to care for self Is usually able to care for self Rarely remembers later Often remembers later Is gradually unable to follow written/spoken directions Is usually able to follow written/spoken directions While scientists know Alzheimer’s disease involves progressive brain cell failure, they have not yet identified any single reason why cells fail. However, they have identified certain risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s. • AGE: The greatest known risk factor is increasing age. Most individuals with the disease are 65 or older. The likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s doubles every five years after age 65. After age 85, the risk reaches nearly 50 percent. Research has shown that those who have a parent, brother or sister, or child with Alzheimer’s are more likely to develop the disease. The risk increases if more than one family member has the illness. *When diseases tend to run in families, either genetics or environmental factors or both may play a role. • Risk genes increase the likelihood of developing a disease, but do not guarantee it will happen. • Scientists have so far identified one Alzheimer risk gene called apoliprotein Ee4 (APOE-e4). • Deterministic genes directly cause a disease, guaranteeing that anyone who inherits them will develop the disorder. • Rare genes that directly cause Alzheimer’s have been found in only a few hundred extended families worldwide. • A gene on chromosome 19 involved in making ApoE, a substance that helps carry cholesterol in the bloodstream. • The APOE e4 gene is considered a “risk factor” gene for AD and appears to influence the age of onset of the diesease. • Genetic tests are available for both APOEe4 and the rare genes that directly cause Alzheimer’s. • Health professionals do not currently recommend routine genetic testing for Alzheimer’s disease. • At this time, there is no treatment or cure. There is no known drug that is assured to delay or stop the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. • FDA-approved drugs temporarily slow worsening of symptoms for about 6 to 12 months, on average, for about half the individuals who take them. • Alzheimer’s Association National Office 225 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60601 • 24/7 Helpline: 1.800.272.3900 Major Depressive Disorder impairs a person’s ability to work, sleep, eat and function as he or she normally would. http://stormcloudi.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/depression_by_thirsty5.jpg *Almost 15 million Americans have major depression. *Everyone is prone to clinical depression. *Usually occurs for people between the ages of 20 and 50 although people over the age of 65 are more vulnerable. *Marital Status: Women who are happily married have lower rates of depression. To have major depressive disorder episode, for two weeks the person must have 5 of these 9 symptoms, but they must have either loss of interest or depressed mood. 1. Depressed mood. 2. A significantly reduced level of interest or pleasure in most or all activities. 3. A considerable loss or gain of weight 4. Insomnia or Hypersomnia 5. Behavior that is agitated or slowed down. 6. Feeling fatigued, or diminished energy. 7. Thoughts of worthlessness or extreme guilt 8. Ability to think, concentrate, or make decisions is reduced. 9. Frequent thoughts of death or suicide Many factors contribute to depression. Each of these factors work in conjunction with each other to make the person develop major depressive disorder. These factors include genetics, environmental factors, and biological factors. http://www.suescheff.org/img/su e-scheff-depression-2.jpg http://www.science.ca/images/Brain _Witelson.jpg *The serotonin transporter gene is linked to depression. *It controls two parts of the brain: amygdala and cingulate *Two types of this gene: the long and short version *Those with two copies of the long version show better connectivity between the amygdala and cingulate http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2005/depression-gene-mayweaken-mood-regulating-circuit.shtml *Identical twins have identical genetic material. -If twins are raised together and one twin develops clinical depression, the other twin develops clinical depression 76% of the time. -If twins are raised apart and one twin develops clinical depression, the other twin develops clinical depression 67% of the time *Shown to go through families *If a parent or sibling has had a major depression, the person may be 1.5 to 3 times more likely to develop depression *Researchers have found that certain fluctuations in the brain chemistry can also contribute to depression. These fluctuations are due to changes in important hormones. *It has also been found that there are imbalances in two neurotransmitters in the brain: serotonin and norepinephrine. *Cortisol, a hormone that regulates anger, fear, and stress, has also been an influence. Environmental factors such as these increase the risk of depression: major trauma, separation from a parent before the age of 11, physical or sexual abuse during childhood, stress. http://www.nimh.nih.gov/images/news-items/deppercent.jgg *People may not be able to do the same responsibilities that they once could do *Family of the depressed person may have feelings of guilt, anger, or sadness *Relationships become strained and others actively avoid the person that worsens the depressed person’s self image and confidence http://www.tuition.com.hk/pics/guilt.jpg *Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: (SSRIs) *Tricylics and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) *St. John’s wort *“Talking therapies” and exercise alternatives http://www.torch.aetc.af.mil/shared/media/ggallery/hires/AFG-070503-014.jpg *Hotlines *Support Groups *Therapy Groups *Disorder being recognized http://mrc.org.mt/filebank/imagebank/Meeting15.02.07 004.jpg • Also known as manic-depressive illness • Disorder of the brain • Can cause mood shifts, changes in energy, ability to function • Can be treated • Long-term illness that must be monitored and managed throughout a person’s life • Affects more than 5.7 million American adults • 2.6% of the United States population age 18 and older in a given year have bipolar disorder www.bipolar-health.com/images/post_img_6.jpg • When symptoms appear before age 12, it is often confused with ADHD • Affects men and women equally • Average age of onset: early 20’s • Worldwide, 7 out of every 1,000 are affected with bipolar disorder, or .7% of the world’s population • Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings • Range from overly “high” to irritable, sad, and hopeless, then back again • Often periods of normal mood in between • Periods of highs and lows called episodes of mania and depression http://z.about.com/d/bipolar/1/0/i/5/yvonne.jpg Mania Increased energy Extreme irritability Poor judgment Little sleep needed Abuse of drugs Depression Sad, anxious, empty mood Loss of interest or pleasure in activities Thoughts of suicide • Bipolar I • The classic form of the illness • Involves recurrent episodes of mania and depression • Bipolar II • Never develop severe mania • Alternate between depression and hypomania • Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder • Four or more episodes within 12 month period • Tends to develop later in the course of illness • More common among women than men • Biochemical • Genetic • Environmental • Research • Twin Studies • Genes – GRK-3 gene, chromosome 22 – FAT-1 gene, chromosome 4 – AY070435 gene (Slynar), chromosome 12 • Thought to be on 18 & 21 • Then 1, 6, 7, & 10, 22 • 11 & X-Chromosome • Polymorphisms • Bipolar Disorder is highly treatable once diagnosed • Mood Stabilizers (Lithium) • Combination Medication & Psychosocial Treatment • Anticonvulsant Medications • ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy) • • • • • Bipolarsupport.org Pendulum.org Dailystrength.org Bipolargenes.org Depression and Bipolar Support Alliance (DBSA) Schizophrenia is a brain disorder in which a person experiences a loss of contact with reality which reduces their ability to live a normal life. This disorder is thought to be caused by a mixture of genetics and environment. *Affects about 1% of the US population *Sex and race does not affect the likelihood of developing the disorder *There is no known cure *Symptoms begin to appear around the late teens for men and the early 20’s for women. • Possible symptoms: a) May hear voices no one else can hear b) May believe someone is reading their mind, controlling their thoughts, or trying to cause them harm c) May not make sense when talking d) May sit for hours and not move e) May have a hard time holding a job, maintaining and establishing relationships, and difficult time taking care of themselves. • Positive symptoms a) Hallucinations b) Delusions c) Thought disorder d) Disorder of movement • Negative symptoms • Cognitive symptoms http://youtube.com/watch?v=sUrDZBxYKko • According to the DSM-IV in order to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, the following must occur: 1. At least two of the following symptoms, each present for at least a month a) delusions b) hallucinations c) disorganized speech d) negative symptoms 2. Functioning markedly below the level achieved prior to onset 3. Continuous signs of the disturbance for a least six months, at least one month of which includes symptoms in full and active form. Heredity • Researchers have found possible gene defects linked to schizophrenia on the following chromosomes: 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 18, 22, and the X chromosome • Polygenic: caused by a combination of gene defects • Genes and Environment? • Antipsychotic medications • Psychosocial treatment: a) Educating the patient b) Helping the patient manage their life c) Substance abuse treatment d) Rehabilitations e) Family education f) Cognitive behavioral therapy g) Self help groups *Alzheimer’s Disease Education Center *U.S. Department of Health and Human Services *Alzheimer’s Association © 2008 http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/depression/causes.asp http://www.allaboutdepression.com/gen_01.html http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2003/gene-more-than-doubles-risk-of-depression-following-lifestresses.shtml http://www.nimh.nih.gov/science-news/2005/depression-gene-may-weaken-mood-regulating-circuit.shtml http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/bipolar-disorder/DS00356/DSECTION=3http://www.bipolargenes.org/ http://www.healthyplace.com/communities/bipolar/causes_4.asp http://www.genomeweb.com/issues/news/145559 1.htmlhttp://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/bipolar-disorder/complete-publication.shtml http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn8572&feedId=online-news_rss20 http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/53345.phphttp://ago.mobile.globeandmail.com/generated/arch ive/RTGAM/html/20080311/wgenes1103.html