Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Anatomical terms of location wikipedia , lookup
Thermoregulation wikipedia , lookup
Animal communication wikipedia , lookup
Animal locomotion wikipedia , lookup
Anatomical terminology wikipedia , lookup
Body snatching wikipedia , lookup
Insect physiology wikipedia , lookup
The Kingdom ANIMALS Eukaryotic cells Multicellular Heterotrophic by ingestion Classification Tools for Animals 1. Body Symmetry 2. Level of Body Organization 3. Body Cavities:Presence of a Coelom 4. Embryological Development: Protostome vs Deterostome 5. Segmentation / Cephalization 6. Presence of a Notochord 7. Presence of a Vertebral Column 1. Body Symmetry A. Asymmetry B. Radial Symmetry C. Bilateral Symmetry D. (Pentaradial symmetry – Echninoderms) a. Asymmetry –No symmetry at all! Example: Porifera Sea Sponges and Corals Porifera Radial Symmetry Example: Cnidaria Cnidaria and Radial Symmetry Cnidaria actually go through a developmental stage of bilateral symmetry before they develop their radial symmetry as an adult. Sea Anemone Crown Jellyfish Soft Coral Polyps Bilateral Symmetry – Candy striped Annelid Blue Spotted Sting Ray Marine Flatworm African Elephants 2. Levels of Organization A. Cellular – no true tissues B. Tissues C. Organ a. Cellular Level of Organization Porifera are really just an assemblage of different specialized cells. They have no tissues or organs b. Tissue Level of Organization Cnidaria have two tissue layers surrounding it’s sac body plan. They do not have any organs or organ systems c. Organ Level of Organization Platyhelminthes (flatworms) are the first animals on the phylogenetic tree that have simple organs. They have very primitive “brains” in their “heads”called cephalization Platyhelminthes (flatworms)- have simple organs and exhibit simple cephalization Organ System Level of Organization As we move up the evolutionary tree, organ systems become increasingly more complicated Body Cavities A. Sac body plan B. tube-within-a-tube body plan - Acoelomates - Pseudocoelomates - Coelomates a. Sac Body Plan – only one opening for food to enter and wastes to exit Porifera (sponges) Cnidaria (jellyfish) Platyhelminthes (flatworms) b. Tube-Within-A-Tube Body Plan Implies that there is an entrance (mouth) for nutrients and an exit (anus) for wastes Most primitive animal with this plan: Nematodes Acoelomates, Pseudocoelomates, and Coelomates Acoelomates: Animals without a Coelom There is no internal body cavity aside from the digestive cavity Pseudocoelomates: Animals with an internal body cavity that is partially lined with mesoderm Coelomates: Animals with a true Coelom A true coelom is an internal body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm 4. Embryo Development: Protostome vs. Deuterostome 5. Segmentation – Annelids, Arthropods and Chordates Repetition of body parts along the length of the body Leads to specialization of parts because various segments can become differentiated for specific purposes Segmentation - easily seen in the Arthropods 6. Presence of a Notochord A notochord is a supporting rod that runs down the dorsal surface, just below the nerve cord. Animals that have a notochord are called chordates. Vertebrate vs Invertebrate. External Fertilization vs Internal Fertilization a. Invertebrate Chordates: Tunicates most animals that have notochords also have vertebrate. However, there are 2 groups that do not. Those animals that do not have vertebrate are called the INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES a. Invertebrate Chordates: Lancelets Vertebrates – Chordates with a backbone