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KINGDOM ANIMALIA
Fun stuff!!
SEPARABLE CHARACTERISTICS
No cell wall
 Sexual reproduction is the norm
 Dominant life cycle stage is diploid
 Most animals are motile
 Most have muscle & nervous tissue

Multicellular heterotrophs
 Animals store glucose as glycogen


Plants store glucose as starch
DEFINITIONS
Zygote – Fertilized Egg
 Cleavages – mitotic cell divisions w/o cell growth
between cycles
 Blastula – A hollow ball of cells surrounding a
cavity called the blastocoel
 Gastrula – form that begins to feature embryonic
tissue layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm)
 Ectoderm – Outer tissue layer
 Endoderm – Inner tissue layer
 Blastophore – opening into the gastrula
 Archenteron – pouch formed by gastrulation

ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY…
1.
Body Plan or symmetry
1.
2.
No symmetry – sponges
Radial symmetry – any cut through central axis =
mirror images
1.
3.
Example: Cnidarians
Bilateral symmetry – Right & left sides
1.
2.
3.
Most Chordates, molluscs, arthropods, annelids, &
nematodes
Dorsal (back) & Ventral (front)
Anterior (head) & posterior (tail)
ANIMALS CHARACTERIZED BY…
1.
Body Cavity
1.
Acoelomates – No cavity between their alimentary
canal and the outer wall of their bodies
-- Playthelminths
1.
Pseudocoelomates – cavity formed from mesoderm
and endoderm
-- Nematoda
1.
Coelomates –
-- Mollusca, annelida, arthropoda,
echinodermata, & chrodata
EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION
Choanoflagellates
Bilateri
a
Eumetazo
a
Parazo
a
Radiat
a
EVOLUTIONARY PROGRESSION
CONTINED
(NOTE: THIS SLIDE STARTS @ BILATERIA)
Protosomes
Bilateri
a
Body
Cavity
Acoelomates
Coelomates
Pseudocoelomates
Deuterosome
s
EVOLUTIONARY LINKAGE
Choanoflagellates
 4 major branching points from choanoflagellates

Following multicellularity came the first branch
point into Parazoa (Protista) and Eumetazoa
Eumetazoa branches due to body symmetry
1.
2.
1.
1.
Radiata – radial symmetry, single orientation
-- Jellyfish, corals, and hydras
Bilateria – Bilateral symmetry, top/bottom
(dorsal/ventral) and head / tail (anterior/posterior)
Bilateria branch due to vascularity & body cavity
3.
1.
1.
Acoeleomates – No blood vascular system, and no coelem
-- Coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity
Those with a fluid-filled body cavity
EVOLUTIONARY LINKAGES

Those with a fluid filled body cavity can be
separated into:

Pseudocoelomates
Fluid-filled body cavity not enclosed by mesoderm
 Roundworms


Coelomates


Possess coelom that is derived from the mesoderm
Protosomes vs. Deuterosomes

Protosomes – bilaterally symmetric, (first hole)
The first indentation develops into the mouth
 Annelids, arthropods, & mollusks

DEUTEROSOMES
First indentation develops into the anus
 Second indentation develops into the mouth
 Chordates & echinoderms


The difference between Protosomes &
Deuterosomes is in embryonic development
Protosomes – first embryonic indent develops into the
mouth
 Deuterosomes – the first embryonic indent takes an
ugly turn – it develops into the anus, not the mouth

ANIMALIA : 9 MAIN PHYLA
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminths
Nematoda
Annelida
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
3 GERM OR CELL LAYERS
Ectoderm – outer layer cover
 Mesoderm – Muscle & organ layer
 Endoderm – Digestive tract

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS IN
ANIMALIA
PHYLUM PORIFERA
Sponges
 Simple creatures
 Marine & fresh water
 No true tissues, so no organs
 No specialized cellular function
 Most are Hermaphroditic - perform female &
male functions
 Can reproduce sexually or asexually
 Sessile – do not move
 Suspension feeders


If you cut a sponge, it will spontaneously
reaggregate back into a sponges
ARE YOU SPONGEWORTHY?
PORIFERA PHYSIOLOGY
Water flows into the sponge through Porocytes,
entering a cavity called Spongocoel
 The spongocoel is lined with feeding cells called
choanocytes



Choanocytes beat their flagella to create a current
that draws water into the porocytes
Ameobocytes – transfer nutrients to other cells of
the sponge’s body
CNIDARIA
Eumetazoans
 Jellyfish & Corals
 Radial Symmetry
 Lack Mesoderm
 2 Body arrangements:

Polyp – Asexual, cylinder-shaped, & Attached
 Medusa – Sexual, flat, and Roams for food


Use tentacles to capture & eat prey
CNIDARIA
QUESTIONS
1.
Are Cnidarians protosomes or deuterosomes?
2.
How do sponges feed?
3.
What are Choanocytes & what is their function?
PLATYHELMINTHS
Flatworms
 Acoelomates
 Protosomes
 Bilaterally symmetrical
 Some Cephalization – Formation of head
structure


3 Important forms
Flukes – Parasitic & alternate between asex & sex
reprod.
 Planarians – Free-living carnivores in fresh water
 Tapeworms – Parasitic flatworms that tend to live in
vertebrates, like humans!!

ROTIFERA
Pseudocoelomates
 Bilateral Symmetry
 Separate mouth & anus
 Microscopic
 True digestive canal

NEMATODA
Roundworms
 Protosomes
 Pseudocoelomates
 Bilaterally Symmetric
 Some cause Trichinosis


GI illness due to tainted pork
MOLLUSCA
Snails, slugs, octopus, & squid
 Protosomes
 Coelomates – full digestive systems
 Soft body with calcium-containing shell
 Bilateral symmetry
 Bivalves – Clams and Oysters


Have hinged shells that are divided into 2 parts
ANNELIDA
Segmented Worm
 Earthworms & Leaches
 Protosome, Bilaterally Symmetrical, Coelomates
 Digestive tract is tube-within-a-tube
 Hermaphroditic
 Blood with hemoglobin
 Closed circulatory system
 Gas diffusion across skin
 Nephridia used for excretion – precursor to
kidneys

EARTHWORM ANATOMY
ARTHROPODA
Protosome Coelomate
 Jointed Appendages
 Segmented: head, thorax, & abdomen
 Chitinous exoskeleton
 May have a larval stage
 Open circulatory system
 Malphigian tubules – removes nitrogenous waste
 Trachea – air ducts, bring air in from the
environment
 Some have book lungs or gills

ECHINODERMATA
Sea stars
 Deuterosome coelomates
 Sessile or slow moving
 Bilateral symmetry as embryo, but reverts to
primitive form of symmetry (radial) as an adult
 Water Vascular system
 Sexual Reproduction – External fertilization
 Asexual Reproduction – fragmentation &
regeneration
 Calcium based endoskeleton

ECHINODERMATA PHYSIOLOGY
Examples of
Echinoderm
s
CHORDATA
Deuterosome coelomates
 Invertebrates & Vertebrates


Vertebrates – possessing backbone
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord – forms the nervous
system & becomes the Brain & spinal cord
 Notochord – Long support rod that is replaced by
bone in vertebrates
 Pharyngeal Gill slits – functions in breathing or
feeding
 Tail – Lost in many animals by birth

CHORDATES

Can be homeothermic (homo – same) or
poikilothermic

Homeothermic – maintains consistent body
temperature


Birds & Mammals
Poikilothermic – Cold blooded, attain heat from
external environment

Iguanas and cold environment
MAMMALS
Mothers provide milk to their young
 Hair or Fur


Composed of Keratin
Homeotherms – Maintain stable internal
environment
 Can be a placental, marsupial, or monotreme
mammal

3 BASIC CATEGORIES OF
MAMMALS
1. Placental Mammals (Eutherians)
-- Embryo develops internally in a uterus
-- Placenta – Part of uterus that connects
embryo to mother, allows nutrients to diffuse
from mother, but serve as barrier to protect
embryo as well
2. Marsupials
-- Born early in embryonic development but
completes its development while nursing in
the mother’s pouch
3. Monotremes
-- Egg-laying mammals
-- Derive nutrients from a shelled egg
-- Duck-billed platypus
MAMMALS EXAMPLES
G. W. Chimp
Karl Rove
Kangaroo
So that’s where Scooter
Libby has been hiding
PRIMATA
Descended from insectivores
 Dexterous hands & opposable thumbs
 Nails – instead of claws
 Eyes are front-facing & set close together

Creates overlapping fields of vision
 Enhances depth perception and hand-eye
coordination


Significant amount of energy devoted to
parenting
Single birthing
 Nurture young for extended time periods


Gorillas, Chimps, Gibbons, Old-world & Newworld monkeys
Phylum
COMPLETE
THE
TABLE
Example
-Some
Coelom
Symmetry
Porifera
Sponge
Cnidaria
Hydra
Platyhelminth
s
Planaria
Nematoda
Pinworm
Annelida
Earthworm
Mollusca
Clam
Arthropoda
Insect
Echinodermat
a
Starfish
Chordata
Dog/Huma
n
Germ
Layer
s
Phylum
COMPLETED
TABLE
-Some
Coelom
Symmetr
Example
y
Germ
Layer
s
None
1
A
Radial
1
P
A
Bi
1
Pinworm
P
Pseudo-
Bi
2
Annelida
Earthwor
m
P
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Mollusca
Clam
P
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Arthropoda
Insect
P
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Echinoderma
ta
Starfish
Deuter
o
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Chordata
Dog/Huma
n
Deuter
o
Coelomat
e
Bi
3
Porifera
Sponge
Proto
Cnidaria
Hydra
P
Platyhelmint
hs
Planaria
Nematoda
Acoelom-
SUMMARIZE INFO FOR THE
KINGDOMS

Focus on Differentiating Characteristics