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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Typical Animal Characteristics Eukaryotic Multicellular Ability to move Reproduce Obtain food (heterotrophic) Protection Cell adaptations Tissues, organs, nerves, muscles Comparative Anatomy Comparing and contrasting body structures between animals in order to classify them Compare and Contrast the characteristics of an apple and an orange Similarities 1. Both grow on trees 2. Both are types of fruit 3. Both contain seeds Differences 1. Apples can grow in BC; oranges cannot 2. Apples have brown seeds, and oranges have white seeds Structure/Function Relationships Determining how the parts of an organism are related to their function Describe the structures and functions of a human hand Structure 1. 2. 3. 4. Skin Muscles Finger nails Bones Function 1. 2. 3. 4. Acts as a barrier Allow finger manipulation Protect nerve endings Give the hand support and shape Kingdom Anamalia Organization 1. Invertebrates No backbone Exoskeleton; endoskeleton 95% of all animal species Ex: Jellyfish, crabs, ants, earthworms 2. Vertebrates Backbone (vertebral column) Endoskeleton 5% of all animal species Ex. Humans, frogs, fish, cats, elephants Life Functions Feeding: Respiration: A. Herbivore B. Carnivore A. Diffusion (i.e. across the cell membrane; no lungs) B. Internal transport (i.e. circulatory system; lungs) Movement: A. Sessile (don’t move around) B. Motile (moves around) Symmetry 1. Asymmetry No symmetry; irregular shape Cannot be divided into equal pieces Difficulty moving in any direction Often sessile Live in water (suspends the organism; abundant food available) Developed from ectoderm Ex: sponge Symmetry 2. Radial Symmetry Can be divided along any vertical plane through a central axis into equal pieces Has a top and bottom; no left or right Allows animals to detect and capture prey in any direction Developed from ectoderm and endoderm (2-layer body) Ex: jellyfish Symmetry 3. Bilateral Symmetry Can be divided down its length into two equal halves Has right and left sides Ex. Butterfly, humans Anatomical Terms Posterior (Caudal) Dorsal Ventral (belly) Anterior (Cephalic) Bilaterally Symmetrical Life Forms Further classified into: 1. Coelomates: have a fluid-filled space between the gut and body wall lined with mesoderm specialized organs and organ systems coelom cushions and protects internal organs, provides room for growth ex: earthworms, humans, fish, insects Bilaterally Symmetrical Life Forms Further classified into: 2. Acoelomates: no body cavity simple organs probably evolved first ex: flatworms Bilaterally Symmetrical Life Forms 3. Pseudocoelomates: “false-coelom” have fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm enables fast movement due to the muscles bracing themselves against the fluid-filled cavity ex: roundworms Body Cavity Gut: cavity used for digestion (A) Simple gut: pouch-like one opening ex: jellyfish, sea anemone, flatworm (B) Complex: two openings, a mouth an anus ex: birds, reptiles, mammals Stages of Growth and Development 1. Zygote: fertilized egg 2. Embryo: the zygote divides by mitosis (8 cells) 3. Morula: a solid mass of cells 4. Blastula: a cell-covered, fluid-filled ball; 5. Gastrula: the cells on one side indent to form an opening at one end; gives rise to specific tissue layers in the adult Cell Layers 1. Ectoderm: the outer layer of cells of the gastrula; outside of the body (hair, nails, feathers, scales) and nervous system 2. Endoderm: the layer of cells lining the inner surface; lining of the gut 3. Mesoderm: the layer between the ectoderm and endoderm; develop into the muscles, circulatory system, excretory system, respiratory system
