Download The Animal Kingdom

The Animal Kingdom
Nancy G. Morris
Volunteer State Community College
General Characteristics:
(Outcome #1)
Exhibit multicellular construction
 Composed of eukaryotic cells
 Nutrition is by ingestion
 Animals differ from plants

• Contain centrioles & asters
• Lack chlorophyll, plastids, cell walls
• Exhibit both embryonic and larval
stages
• Exclusively heterotrophic
General Characteristics:

Complex organisms have up to 10 systems
1) Skeletal
2) Muscular*
3) Endocrine
4) Nervous*
5) Circulatory
6) Lymphatic
7) Integumentary
8) Reproductive
9) Excretory
10)Respiratory
11) Digestive
* Unique
to animals
General Characteristics:


Adult form may be viewed as a complex tube
within a tube
Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ
layers:
– Ectoderm – integument & nervous
– Mesoderm – all other systems
– Endoderm – digestive
General Characteristics:

Reflected by the presence of 3 primary germ
layers:
– Ectoderm – integument & nervous
– Mesoderm – all other systems
– Endoderm – digestive
Triploblastic – possess all 3 germ layers
Diploblastic – possess only 2 germ layers
General Characteristics:

Exhibit the Diplontic Life Cycle
(sexual reproduction)
• Adult 2N
• Gamete 1N
• Zygote 2N
Adult
2N
egg 1N
mitosis
Zygote
2N
meiosis
sperm 1N
 Broad Classification
Animal Classification includes
(Outcome #2)

Broad Classification
•
•
•
in addition to the seven taxa
employed in the other kingdoms
between kingdom and phylum
based on these characteristics:
Broad Classification




1) Level of Organization
2) Type of Body Symmetry
3) Type of Body Cavity
4) Embryonic Development
Level of Organization


IF the cell develops from a single cell to the
tissue level only, it belongs to
Subkingdom Parazoa
(beside the animals)

Phylum Porifera - sponges
(to bear pores)
Level of Organization


All others develop to an organ or organ
system level:
Subkingdom Eumetazoa
(true later animal)
Type of Body Symmetry
1. Only sponges lack symmetry (asymmetrical)
2. Organisms whose body parts are organized
around a central axis and radiate from the central
core like the spokes of a wheel exhibit radial
symmetry. (Think of an orange.)
3. Organisms whose body parts are arranged along a
longitudinal axis where right and left half are mirror
images of each other exhibit bilaterial symmetry.
(Think of a butterfly.)
Type of Body Symmetry
Radially
symmetrical
organisms
belong to

Grade
Radiata
Type of Body Symmetry
Bilaterally
symmetrical
organisms
belong to

Grade
Bilaterata
Type of Body Symmetry

Grade Radiata

larva, ancestors, AND adults are
radially symmetrical

Phylum Cnidaria
- jellyfish
Another typical Cnidarian: Hydra
Cnidarian forms
Type of Body Symmetry
All others belong to the

Grade Bilaterata

larva, ancestors, OR adults are
bilaterally symmetrical
Type of Body Cavity (coelom)

Subgrade Acoelomata

Phylum Platyhelminthes -the flatworms

NO body cavity
Solid layer of mesoderm

ectoderm
solid mesoderm
endoderm
gut
Type of Body Cavity (coelom)




Subgrade Pseudocoelomata
Phylum Nematoda -the roundworms
False cavity (false coelom)
Pseudocoel only partially lined w/ mesoderm
Endoderm
Ectoderm w/ mesoderm lining
Pseudocoel
Gut
Type of Body Cavity (coelom)

Subgrade Coelomata

Phyla Annelida  Chordata

True body cavity
Coelom completely lined with
mesoderm

ectoderm
Coelom (completely
lined with mesoderm)
endoderm
gut
Body plans of bilaterata
Embryonic Development/ formation of the archenteron
Type of Embryonic Development
 If the first opening
into the blastocoel is
the mouth, the
organism is a
Protostome.
Type of Embryonic Development
 If the second opening
into the blastocoel
formed is the mouth,
the organism is a
Deutrostome.
A
family
tree
Practice: A Map to the Animal Kingdom
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