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Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology
Topic 2: Introduction to Animals, Spongy, Cnidarians
VOCABULARY
 acoelomate – animal with a solid body that lacks a fluid-filled body cavity between
the gut and the body wall
 anterior – head end of animal with bilateral symmetry
 bilateral symmetry – body plan that can be divided into mirror images along only
one plane through the central axis
 blastula – fluid-filled ball of cells formed by mitotic cell division of the embryo
 cephalization – tendency to concentrate sensory organs and nervous tissue at an
animal’s anterior end
 coelom – fluid-filled body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm
 cnidocyte – nematocyst-containing stinging cell on a cnidarian’s tentacle
 choanocyte – in sponges, specialized cell that uses flagella to move steady current of
water through the sponge
 deuterostome – coelomate animal whose anus develops from the opening in the
gastrula
 dorsal – backside of an animal with bilateral symmetry
 ectoderm – outer layer of cells in the gastrula that develops into nervous tissue and
skin
 endoderm – inner layer of cells in the gastrula that develops into digestive organs and
the digestive tract lining
 endoskeleton – internal skeleton that protects internal organs, provides support for the
organism’s body, and can provide an internal brace for muscles to pull against
 exoskeleton – hard or tough outer covering of many invertebrates that provides
support, protects body tissues, prevents water loss, and protects the organism from
predation
 external fertilization – type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine
outside an animal’s body
 filter feeder – organism that filters small particles from water to get food
 gastrovascular cavity – in cnidarians, the space surrounded by an inner cell layer,
where digestion take place
 gastrula – two-cell-layer sac with an opening at one end that forms from the blastula
during embryonic development
 gemmules – in sponges, specialized structures that can survive difficult environmental
conditions, such as frost or drought, and contain archeocytes surrounded by a tough
layer of spicules
 hermaphrodite – animal that produces both sperm and eggs in its body, generally at
different times
 internal fertilization – type of fertilization that occurs when sperm and egg combine
inside an animal’s body
 invertebrate – animal without a backbone; between 95 and 99 percent of animal
species are invertebrates
 medusa – umbrella-shaped, free-swimming body form of cnidarians
 mesoderm – layer of cells between the endoderm and the ectoderm that can become
muscle tissue and tissue of the circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems
INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ
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Gymnázium, Brno, Slovanské nám. 7, WORKBOOK - Biology
 nematocyst – capsule whose threadlike tube contains poison and barbs and discharged
when prey touches a cnidarian
 nerve net – cnidarian nervous system that conducts impulses to and from all parts of
the body
 polyp – tube-shaped, sessile body form of cnidarians
 posterior – tail end of an animal with bilateral symmetry
 protostome – coelomate animal whose mouth develops from the opening in the
gastrula
 pseudocoelom – fluid-filled body cavity between the mesoderm and the endoderm
 radial symmetry – body plan that can be divided along any plane, through a central
axis, into roughly equal halves
 sessile – organism permanently attached to one place
 spicule – in sponges, a spike-shaped structure made of chalklike calcium carbonate or
glasslike silica
 symmetry – balance or similarity in body structures of organisms
 ventral – underside or belly of an animal with bilateral symmetry
 vertebrate – animal with an endoskeleton and backbone
 zygote – fertilized egg formed when a sperm cell penetrates an egg
INVESTICE DO ROZVOJE VZDĚLÁVÁNÍ