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Quiz Review: Invertebrate and Vertebrate Animals AP Biology Chapter 32: Animal Development 1. Explain the common characteristics of animals: Multicellular No cell wall Heterotrophic eukaryotes Sexual reproduction Tissues develop from embryonic layers 2. Describe embryonic development of animals using the following terms: Zygote Cleavage Blastula Gastrulation Gastrula Endoderm Ectoderm Mesoderm 3. What are the likely causes of the Cambrian Explosion? What new animal phyla arose during the period? 4. Describe the following characteristics by which animals can be categorized. Give examples of animals in each category. What is the importance of each characteristic? Body symmetry: radial, bilateral, none (asymmetry) Diploblasts vs. triploblasts. Which have a mesoderm? Which group contains animals with bilateral symmetry? With cephalization? Triploblastic animals can be further categorized based on whether they are acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, or true coelomates. What is the importance of a coelom? Give examples of animals that fall into each category. Where do humans fit? Humans and other chordates are deuterostomes. Early in development our cells undergo radial, indeterminante cleavage. These cells can develop into any cell in the body (pluripotent stem cells). This type of cleavage may also result in identical twins. Chapter 33: Invertebrates 1. Porifera (Sponges), Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes (flatworms), Annelids (segmented worms), Mollusks, Nematodes (roundworms), Arthropods and Echinoderms For each of the invertebrate phyla listed above, describe the following Symmetry Platyhelminthes Diploblast or triploblast? If triploblast, what type of coelom is present? (flatworm) Cephalization apparent? What special adaptations separate this phylum from others that came before it? 2. Sponges a. No distinct tissues or organs b. No specialized cells c. No symmetry d. Sessile as adults e. Food taken into each cell by endocytosis Nematode (roundworm) Annelid (segmented worm) Label the tissue layers in each picture. 3. Cnidarians: Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral a. tissues, but no organs b. two cell layers c. radial symmetry d. predators tentacles with stinging cells (nematocysts) surround gut opening. extracellular digestion, release enzymes into gastrovascular cavity absorption by cells lining gut Gastrovascular cavity: one body opening acts as mouth and anus (less efficient than alimentary canal.) 4. Platyhelminthes: Flatworms, planaria, tapeworms a. Mostly parasitic b. Bilateral symmetry: right and left sides, anterior and posterior ends c. Cephalization: development of a brain and concentration of sense organs in the head (anterior) end d. Increase specialization in body plan e. Acoelomates 5. Nematoda: roundworms a. Bilaterally symmetrical b. Body cavity c. Pseudocoelom = simple body cavity d. Alimentary canal: a digestive system with 2 body openings, mouth and anus e. Many are parasitic 6. Mollusca (mollusks): a. Gastropods (slugs and snails), Bivalves (clams and mussels), Cephalopods (squid and octopi) b. Bilaterally symmetrical c. Soft body protected by hard shell (with exceptions) d. True coelom: increases complexity and specialization of internal organs e. Have radula, mantle, and muscular foot 7. Annelids: segmented worms, earthworm, leech a. Bilateral symmetry b. True coelom c. Digestive tract with specialized structures: esophagus, crop gizzard, intestine d. Nephridia: small tubes for excretion of nitrogenous waste (urine) 8. Arthropods: spiders, insects, crustaceans a. Most successful animal phylum b. Bilateral symmetry c. Segmented bodies: specialized segments allow jointed appendages (head, thorax, abdomen) d. Exoskeleton: chitin and protein e. Malphigian tubules: for excretion of nitrogenous waste (urine) 9. Echinoderms: starfish, sea urchin, sea cucumber a. Radially symmetrical as adults b. Spiny endoskeleton c. Deuterostome Chapter 34: Vertebrates Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals Internal bony skeleton Backbone encasing spinal column, skull-encased brain Deuterostomes 1. What is the difference between a chordate and a vertebrate? Which is the broader clade? Give an example of an animal that is one but not the other. 2. Major advancements in vertebrate evolution included Label 4 common traits of chordates: the following. Give the name of the clade that is notochord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal named for each of these characteristics: tail, hollow dorsal nerve cord a. Vertebral Column b. Bony jaws c. Lungs d. Lobed fins e. Legs f. Amniotic Eggs g. Milk Major Vertebrate Phyla 3. Ray-finned fish a. Bony & cartilaginous skeleton b. Jaws and paired appendages (fins) c. Scales as body covering d. Gills for gas exchange e. 2-chambered heart, single loop blood circulation f. Ectotherms g. Reproduce via external fertilization, external development in aquatic egg 4. Amphibia: frogs, salamanders a. Ancestors were tetrapods – fish transition to land b. Moist skin c. Respiration: gas exchange through skin and lungs (no positive pressure in lungs) d. 3-chambered heart: veins from lungs back to heart e. Ectotherms f. Reproduction: external fertilization, external development in aquatic egg g. Metamorphosis (tadpole to adult) 5. Reptiles: snake, lizard, turtle, crocodile a. Dry skin, scales, armor b. Lungs for gas exchange, thoracic breathing (negative pressure) c. 3-chambered heart d. ectotherms e. Reproduce via internal fertilization. External development in amniotic egg. leathery shell embryo amnion chorion allantois yolk sac 6. Aves (birds): finch, hawk, ostrich, turkey a. Feathers and wings b. Thin, hollow bone: flight skeleton c. Very efficient lungs and air sacks trachea d. Four-chambered heart e. Endotherms anterior f. Reproduction: Internal fertilization. External development in amniotic egg. air sacs lung posterior air sacs 7. Mammals: mice, human, whale, bat a. Body covering: hair b. Specialized teeth c. Respiration: Lungs and diaphragm; negative pressure d. 4-chambered heart e. endotherms f. Reproduction: Internal fertilization. Internal development in uterus, nourishment through placenta. Birth live young, mammary glands make milk. 8. Mammal Sub-groups a. Monotremes: egg-laying mammals lack placenta & true nipples duckbilled platypus, echidna b. marsupials: pouched mammals offspring feed from nipples in pouch short-lived placenta koala, kangaroo, opossum c. placental: true placenta nutrient & waste filter shrews, bats, whales, humans