Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Science Review Exam Topics Nutrition Digestive system (anatomy and physiology) Respiratory system (anatomy and physiology) Circulatory system (anatomy and physiology) Blood typing Waves Senses (ears and eyes) (anatomy and physiology) Technical Analysis Nutrients Energy giving nutrients Carbohydrates source Lipids (fats) Proteins Function: 1st energy source Function: 2nd energy source Function: repairs tissues and Emergency energy Regulating nutrients Vitamins and Minerals Water Goal of the digestive system The goal of the digestive system is to change complex molecules into simple ones Complex Molecules Molecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids into Simple glucose amino acids glycerol Anatomy The digestive system: The digestive tract Path the food takes The digestive glands Where chemicals that help in the breakdown of food comes from Glands = organs that secrete an enzyme (chemical) **** Food does not enter the digestive glands Anatomy Pathway of food Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Anatomy The digestive tract The Mouth The teeth grind the food – mechanical breakdown The salivary glands produce saliva – chemical breakdown of carbohydrates Anatomy The digestive tract The Pharynx Shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system Anatomy The digestive tract The Esophagus The esophagus pushes the food down towards the stomach via peristalsis PERISTALSIS: muscle contractions that push food through the digestive tract Anatomy The digestive tract The Stomach The gastric glands produce pepsin and stomach acid that will cause a chemical breakdown of the nutrients The stomach also mixes the food with the gastric juices. This motion is called churning. Anatomy The digestive tract Small Intestine Pushes the food through to the large intestine via peristalsis. Where the Bile from the liver and insulin from the pancreas are added (most of the digestion occurs here) This is where most of the simple nutrients (glucose, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids) are absorbed through the villi. Anatomy The digestive Tract Large Intestine Pushes the food through out of the system via peristalsis. This is where water, minerals and vitamins are absorbed through the villi. Anatomy Recap of the digestive glands Salivary glands Gastric Glands Intestinal Glands Pancreas Liver (Saliva or Amylase) (Stomach acid) (Intestinal juices) (Insulin) (Bile) *1st chemical transformation occurs in the mouth with amylase *Most of the “digestion” occurs in the small intestine Physiology – How the system works Mmmm!! Burger Physiology During the digestion process your food undergoes mechanical and chemical transformations Mechanical Transformation: same thing only smaller or mixed Chemical Transformation:break down of complex molecules into less complex molecules Examples of Mechanical Transformations The Mouth – Chewing The Stomach and small intestine- Churning Mixing food with the secretions of the digestive glands Peristalsis is also a mechanical transformation Chemical Transformation (recap) Digestive Secretions Gland Salivary glands Saliva Location Mouth Gastric Gland Gastric Juices Stomach Targets Starch (complex carbohydrate) Proteins Intestinal glands Intestinal juices Small intestine Proteins, carbs, lipids Pancreas Pancreatic juices Small Intestine Proteins, carbs, lipids Absorption of nutrients The process that moves nutrients (chemically broken down food) through the lining of the digestive tract and into the blood stream. Mostly, food is absorbed in the small intestine via Villi. What is a Villi? Folds in the large and small intestines Where simple nutrients are absorbed Science Review Topic 2: The Respiratory System Topic 2: The Respiratory System General importance Function Anatomy Physiology General Importance The respiratory system provides our body with O2 (needed oxygen) This oxygen with the input of the digestive system, leads to cellular respiration which gives us energy O2 + glucose → water + CO2 + ENERGY Time out O2 + glucose → water + CO2 + ENERGY Oxygen from the respiratory system combine with glucose (sugar) from the digestive system in the cell, and produces water, carbon dioxide and energy The Circulatory system brings the oxygen and nutrients to the cell, and takes the waste away. Topic 2: The Respiratory System General importance Anatomy Respiratory Pathway Sites of Diffusion Physiology Anatomy The Passage ways of the respiratory system Nasal Cavity Pharynx Trachea (Larynx) Bronchi Lungs Bronchiole Alveoli Anatomy The respiratory system Nasal Cavity Warms the air Capillaries Filters the air Nose hair (cilia) Moistens the air Mucous Glands Anatomy The respiratory system Pharynx Shared with the digestive system Anatomy The respiratory system Trachea (Larynx) Stops foreign particles From entering Anatomy The respiratory system Bronchi Division of the Trachea Goes into the lungs Anatomy The respiratory system Lungs Bronchioles Division of the bronchi Anatomy The respiratory system Lungs Alveoli Where diffusion happens. Exchange of Oxygen for Carbon Dioxide Site of Diffusion Diffusion: transport of molecules of a mixture from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration Physiology – How we breathe? Inspires (Air enters) Expires (Air exists) Ribs Move up and out Move down and in Intercostal muscles Contract Relax Diaphragm Contract– move down Relaxes – moves up Lung Volume increases Volume Decreases Lungs and Fluids Inspiration The diaphragm and the intercostals muscles contract This increases the volume of the lungs, therefore decreasing the pressure and making it smaller than the exterior air pressure. The outside air moves to fill in the ''empty'' space and therefore moves into the lungs to equalize the pressure Lungs and Fluids Expiration The diaphragm and intercostals muscles relax The lungs decrease in volume The pressure inside the lungs becomes higher that the exterior air pressure The air moves from the area of high pressure (your lungs) to the area of low pressure (outside) Science Review Topic 3: The Circulatory System Anatomy The circulatory system is the UPS system of your body it delivers nutrients, O2 and waste where it is needed O2 + glucose → water + CO2 + ENERGY Blood Vessels Heart Anatomy The Blood Vessels Arteries Arterioles Veins Arteries - going away from the heart Venules Veins - going towards the heart Capillaries Capillaries – where the exchanges occur Anatomy Important Arteries around the heart Aorta All oxygenated blood (arterial blood) leaves the heart from this artery Pulmonary arteries The de-oxygenated blood leaves the heart towards the lungs The pulmonary arteries are the exception – it does not contain arterial blood Anatomy Important Veins around the heart Vena Cava (inferior and superior) Blood from the body enters the heart by these two veins Pulmonary veins Oxygenated blood (arterial blood) from the lungs enter the heart The pulmonary veins are the exception – it does not contain venous blood Anatomy The Heart Stimulates the movement of the blood Hollow muscle with 4 cavities/chambers Right Atrium Right Ventricle Left Atrium Left Ventricle RA RV LA LV Anatomy Blood always circulates from an atrium to a ventricle. ATRIUM Atrioventricular valve VENTRICLE Anatomy The Heart The contractions of the heart causes blood to circulate For the blood to fill the atria, the heart is at rest (diastole) To exit the atria, and later to exit the ventricle the heart must contract (systole) Anatomy The heart Pulmonary Circulation Brings blood to and from the lungs Systemic Circulation Brings blood to and from the cells Circulations Left side of the heart Oxygen from the lungs travels through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium The heart then contracts and pumps the blood from the left atrium to the left ventricle The heart pumps again and pushes the oxygen rich blood from the ventricle to the aorta The blood then travels through various arteries to get to the capillaries and the cells, where diffusion occurs Circulations Right side of the heart The blood, now rich in CO2, travels through the capillaries and various veins until it reaches the superior vena cava or the inferior vena cava From the vena cava, the CO2 rich blood enters the right Atrium. The heart contracts and pumps the blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle The heart pumps again and pushes the CO2 rich blood from the ventricle to the pulmonary arteries where it will return to the lungs to exchange the CO2 for O2 Circulations The proper way to divide the circulations of the body is the following: Systemic Circulation From the heart (LV) to the cell and then back to the heart (RA) Pulmonary Circulation From the heart (RV) to the lungs and then back to the heart (LA) Blood Components 1. 2. 3. 4. Plasma Red blood cells (RBC) White blood cells (WBC) Platelets Plasma – Liquid part of the blood Red blood cells – carries oxygen and carbon dioxide White blood cells - protect your system Platelets – allow blood to coagulate 55% 45% (less than 1%) (less than 1%) Blood types Certain substances (agglutinogens) are found on the membrane of the red blood cell Substance A Substance B Rh factor The presence of these substances determines your blood type Transfusions The injection of blood into a person Donor and Recipient Rule of transfusions: The donor’s blood must not carry substances that differ from those on the red blood cells of the recipient. Their blood must be compatible. Blood Compatibility Donors AB+ ABR E C I P I E N T S AB+ ABA+ AB+ BO+ O- A+ A- B+ B- O+ O- Compatibility Transfusions are possible when both donor and recipient have the same blood type People with type O- can donate to anybody and are called universal donors People with type AB+ can receive from anybody and are called universal recipients Senses (sight and hearing) How do we perceive our world? 80% of what we perceive is based on sight 3 types of neurons 1) Sensory Neurons 2) Motor Neurons Captures the information coming from the senses (from the sensory organs to the cerebrum) Transmits to the muscles the command given by the brain (from the cerebrum to the muscle) 3) Inter neurons Ensures the transmission of the influx to all neurons Central Nervous system The brain is protected by many various layers Brain: consists of the cerebrum, the cerebellum and the brain stem Skin Skull bone Fluids *** Interestingly enough, your brain does not have any nerves in it and therefore cannot feel pain. Pathway of light stimuli through the body In the Eye Cornea Aqueous humour Pupil Lens Vitreous humour Retina Through the nervous system Optic Nerve Brain (brain stem, cerebellum, cerebrum) From the speaker to your brain The path of sound: Sound which causes the air to vibrate These vibrations are caught by the auricle and are concentrated in the auditory canal The vibrations cause the ear drum to vibrate, which then starts a chain reaction in the ossicles. The vibrations make it all the way to the vestibule, where they travel through liquid The hairs of the cochlea pick up on these vibrations and signal the nervous cells that then transfer to the brain the information via nervous impulse Pathway of sound stimuli Auricle Auditory canal Eardrum Ossicles Cochlea Auditory nerve Brain Waves Sound: Mechanical longitudinal wave Sound requires a material medium to propagate itself (in space no one can hear you scream) The speed at which sound travels depends on the material medium In air 340 m/s (compared with light 300 000 km/s