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Scientific Method
Lab Skills
Required Labs
Characteristics of
Living Things
• Genetics
• Evolution
• Reproduction and
Development
• Homeostasis
• Ecology
• Human Impact on
the Environment
Scientific Method
What term is used for the
factor that is measured in an
experiment?
Dependent variable
Scientific Method
What is the purpose of the
control group in an experiment?
To serve as a comparison to the
experimental group
Scientific Method
Name two ways to make lab results
more valid or more reliable.
Test more subjects.
Repeat the experiment.
Lab Skills
Which objective allows you to
see the larger field of view?
Low power
Lab Skills
Which microscope part
regulates the amount of light?
Diaphragm
Lab Skills
Which objective shows the
greater magnification?
High power
Lab Skills
What do indicators do?
Give an example.
Indicators are chemicals that
change color to show the presence
of a substance.
Iodine turns blue-black to show the
presence of starch.
Required Labs - Biodiversity
What is gel electrophoresis?
What does it show?
Electrophoresis is a technique that uses
electricity to separate fragments of DNA or
protein based on size.
It shows bands of DNA or proteins that
indicate similarities between individuals.
Required Labs - Biodiversity
What is chromatography?
What does it show?
Chromatography uses a solvent to
separate molecules in a mixture.
It shows a pattern of colors that
may show related organisms.
Required Labs - Biodiversity
What do similarities in physical
structure or molecules
indicate?
Organisms may share a
common ancestor.
Required Labs – Diffusion Across a Membrane
Which molecules can diffuse
through the model of the cell?
Iodine and glucose diffuse because
they are small enough.
Starch is TOO BIG and CANNOT
diffuse.
Required Labs – Diffusion Across a Membrane
What solution will make an
onion cell shrink? Explain.
SALT solution makes the onion cell
shrink because water LEAVES the
cell.
Required Labs – Making Connections
Name 3 body systems affected
by exercise? What change
occurs in each system?
Circulatory – pulse rate increases to bring more
nutrients and oxygen to muscles.
Respiratory – breathing rate increases to exchange
gases faster
Excretory – sweating increases to get rid of extra heat
Required Labs – Beaks of Finches
What are some examples of
adaptations in the lab?
The different beaks (represented by
the different tools) are adapted for
eating different seeds or other
foods.
Characteristics of Living Things
Name 2 raw materials plants
need for photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide and water
Characteristics of Living Things
Name 2 products of
photosynthesis. Where is the
energy stored?
Glucose and oxygen
Energy is stored in the glucose.
Characteristics of Living Things
In which cell organelle does
photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts
Characteristics of Living Things
Which organelle allows
materials to pass in and out of
the cell?
Cell MEMBRANE
Characteristics of Living Things
Which organelle controls all
of the cell’s activities?
Nucleus
Characteristics of Living Things
What two human systems
regulate the body’s activities?
Nervous and Endocrine
Characteristics of Living Things
What do producers do?
Producers convert the sun’s energy
into chemical bond energy in food
(organic molecules)
Characteristics of Living Things
Name 3 products of aerobic
cellular respiration.
Where is energy stored at the
end?
Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Energy is stored in ATP.
Characteristics of Living Things
In which organelle does
cellular respiration occur?
Mitochondria
Characteristics of Living Things
Which body system
TRANSPORTS materials through
the body? Give examples.
Circulatory system carries:
Oxygen from lungs to cells,
Nutrients from small intestine to cells,
Wastes from cells to kidneys
Characteristics of Living Things
Which system eliminates
metabolic wastes from the
body?
Excretory (or Urinary)
Characteristics of Living Things
Which body system breaks
down nutrients to a usable
form?
Digestive
Genetics
Put in size order starting with
the smallest: chromosome,
nucleus, gene.
smallest - gene
chromosome
largest - nucleus
Genetics
What are the 2 matching
pairs of bases in DNA?
A-T and
G-C
Genetics
What term is used for any
change in the genetic
information?
Mutation
Genetics
Where in the cell in DNA
replicated or transcribed?
In the nucleus
Genetics
Where in the cell does
protein synthesis occur?
In the ribosomes
Genetics
What is the technology that
produces recombinant DNA?
Genetic engineering
Evolution
Define Evolution.
Evolution is a process of change
that occur in a species over a
period of time
Evolution
Name 2 types of evidence that
support theory of evolution.
•fossils
•similar molecules (like DNA and proteins)
•comparative anatomy (similar structure)
•comparative embryology (similar embryos)
Evolution
What term did Darwin use to
explain evolution?
Natural selection
Evolution
What term describes a body
structure or behavior that helps an
organism to survive in its habitat?
Adaptation
Evolution
Name 2 sources of variations.
• recombining of genes in
meiosis of sexual reproduction
• mutations in gametes
Evolution
What are the four major parts to
Darwin’s theory of natural selection?
• organisms overproduce
• this causes competition
• some variations have an adaptive value
because they give a survival advantage
• the survivors pass on their characteristics
to their offspring and these adaptations
increase in the population
Reproduction and Development
What is the purpose of
mitosis?
For growth and repair and
replacement of cells
Reproduction and Development
What kind of cells are made
as a result of mitosis?
Mitosis produces diploid
body cells.
Reproduction and Development
What is the purpose of
meiosis?
Meiosis produces gametes
for sexual reproduction.
Reproduction and Development
What kind of cells are made
as a result of meiosis?
Meiosis produces haploid
sex cells or gametes.
Reproduction and Development
What cell is formed as a
result of fertilization?
A zygote
Reproduction and Development
In humans, where does
fertilization occur?
In the oviduct
Reproduction and Development
Name a male reproductive
hormone and where it is made.
Testosterone is made in
the testes.
Reproduction and Development
Name a female reproductive
hormone and where it is made.
Estrogen is made in the
ovaries.
Reproduction and Development
Which female organ can
develop a thick lining for
implantation of a blastocyst?
Uterus
Reproduction and Development
Which structure allows for
exchange of materials between
maternal and fetal blood?
Placenta
Reproduction and Development
Name several environmental
factors that can damage a
developing fetus.
Smoking, alcohol and other drugs,
exposure to infection (like HIV),
exposure to radiation, poor nutrition
Homeostasis
What is homeostasis?
Give an example.
Homeostasis is the internal balance
(dynamic equilibrium) of an organism.
When body temperature increases, we
sweat to cool down.
Homeostasis
What do enzymes do?
Enzymes speed up (catalyze)
chemical reactions.
Homeostasis
How do enzymes work?
The substrate FITS INTO (lock and key)
the SHAPE of the enzyme and the
enzyme helps the substrate change.
Homeostasis
Name 2 factors that affect
the working of enzymes.
Temperature and pH
Homeostasis
What hormone lowers the
amount of glucose (sugar) in the
blood?
Insulin
Homeostasis
How are hormones able to
make a cell respond?
They fit into (match
shape) with a RECEPTOR
molecule.
Homeostasis
How do white blood cells
protect the body?
White blood cells work in several ways:
Some engulf and destroy pathogens
Others make antibodies
Others mark pathogens for destruction
Homeostasis
What is a vaccine?
How does it protect the body?
A vaccine is a weakened form of a
pathogen.
It stimulates the immune system to
make antibodies.
Ecology
Name 2 ABIOTIC factors in
an environment.
Sunlight, Temperature, Oxygen,
Water, Soil
Ecology
Name 2 BIOTIC factors in
an ecosystem.
Producers (such as plants)
Consumers (such as animals)
Decomposers (such as bacteria or fungi)
Ecology
What is the difference
between a population and a
community?
A community is ALL the living things
in a particular habitat,
but a population is ONLY ONE
species in a habitat.
Ecology
What is the ultimate source of
energy for all life on earth?
The Sun
Ecology
What organisms always occupy
the bottom level of an energy
pyramid?
Producers or Autotrophs
Ecology
Which organisms are on the
second from the bottom level
of an energy pyramid?
Herbivores or
First order Heterotrophs
Ecology
Which organisms are present in
the smallest numbers in an
energy pyramid?
Top carnivores that will
have no predators.
Ecology
What is the term for the
maximum number of organisms
a habitat can support?
Carrying Capacity
Ecology
Which organisms feed on dead
organisms and recycle nutrients
to the soil?
Decomposers
Human Impact on Environment
What is the cause of global
warming?
Excess Carbon Dioxide in
the atmosphere
Human Impact on Environment
What is the ultimate cause of
most of the damage people
have done to the environment?
Increasing human
population
Human Impact on Environment
What is OZONE?
What is the cause of ozone
depletion?
Ozone is a form of oxygen that reduces
UV rays in the atmosphere.
Ozone layer is being depleted because of
CFC’s in aerosol sprays.
Human Impact on Environment
What is the differences
between renewable and
nonrenewable resources?
Renewable resources (like trees or food) can
be replaced in a relatively short period of time,
but nonrenewable resources (like fossil fuels)
cannot be replaced.
Human Impact on Environment
Name some alternate fuels for
humans to use and their
benefits.
Solar energy – no pollution
Water power – is renewable
Nuclear power – reduces global warming