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Science TAKS Notebook Objective 2 th 11 Grade Organization of Living Systems Cell Parts Cell membrane – regulates what goes in and out of the cell. (like a gate on a fence) Nucleus - contains DNA (ribosomes are made in nucleolus) Mitochondria produces energy in the form of ATP. Body cells that need large amounts of energy have many mitochondria. Vacuole – stores nutrients or water in a plant or animal cell. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – Proteins are made here using ribosomes (found on rough ER) Cell Parts Golgi apparatus – “packages” proteins and fats for “shipment” to organelles and out of the cell Cell Wall- (plants,bacteria) made of cellulose, gives support Chloroplast – (plants) photosynthesis occurs here (CO2 and H2O combine to make sugars and oxygen) Flagella – (whip-like) and Cilia (hair-like) are structures for mobility. (They help the cell move.) Name the parts. Animal Cell Plant Cell 4 5 1 4 2 5 6 3 8 7 TAKS QUESTION Cell Parts Cell membranes perform all the following functions except — A making nutrients for cells B holding cytoplasm within cells C regulating substances exiting cells D recognizing other cells Hierarchy of Organization Cells form tissues and tissues form organs with specialized functions. Organs form systems that that work together to help the organism carry on its life processes. cell tissue organ system organism TAKS QUESTION Hierarchy of Organization Transportation of Molecules Osmosis is the transport of water into and out of a cell. The water is always trying to be at equilibrium on both sides of the membrane. Which direction will the water move? Out of bag However, in certain systems, homeostasis needs to be achieved through active transport (transport system that requires energy to move substances across a membrane). For example, salt water fish remove salt from their cells by active transport in order to maintain their water level in the blood. This makes the meat not taste salty. TAKS Question Osmosis Proteins and other large molecules cannot move through the membranes of healthy kidneys. The presence of large molecules in urine is an indication of unhealthy kidneys. Dialysis is a medical treatment that dos the work for failing kidneys. In dialysis, and artificial membrane impermeable to large molecules is used. Dialysis lowers protein levels in urine. Which of the following best explains why dialysis works. F. Dialysis reduces the size of proteins. G. Proteins are dissolved by urine. H. Dialysis filters proteins from solution. J. Proteins transport membrane fragments. Energy Production ATP provides the energy for most chemical reactions. It is made in the mitochondria. Energy Production Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis How animals and plants produce energy Uses Oxygen and sugar Produces Carbon dioxide and water How plants produce energy Uses Carbon dioxide and water Produces Oxygen, Water and Sugar CO2 and H2O sugar and O2 It is all ONE BIG CYCLE for energy in the ecosystem! DNA DNA is the blueprint for producing the entire organism and other molecules for the cell. DNA has a special code in the control center (a.k.a. nucleus) of the cell. The shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix (twisted ladder) Deoxyribose (a sugar), nitrogen bases, and phosphate are all found in a DNA molecule. The 4 nitrogen bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. (They make the “steps” of the DNA “ladder”.) The DNA code is held in the sequence (order) of nitrogen bases. DNA In the DNA of organisms Adenine pairs with Thymine. A=T Cytosine pairs with Guanine. C=G The DNA strand (a twisted ladder) must separate between the nitrogen base pairs in order to replicate (make a DNA copy). DNA TAKS Question If the template of a strand of DNA is 5' AGATGCATC 3', the complementary strand will be — F 3' TCTACGTAG 5' G 5' CTACGTAGA 3' H 3' AGATGCATC 5' J 5' AGACGTCTA 3' Mutations A GENE MUTATION is when the sequence (order) of bases are changed because it has not been copied exactly. For example, the sequence of nitrogen bases provides instruction for the abnormal protein that causes the sickle-cell anemia. If a DELETION of a DNA base from a gene takes place, a base is left out and the organism’s sequence of amino acids in a protein changes. Mutations The damage to the DNA of gamete cells can be passed to an organism’s offspring. Mutations can be beneficial to an organism because they may create an advantage over other organisms. Example: Bacteria mutate to become resistant to antibiotics. Some mutations can be fatal to the organism. (Most mutations are not…) Protein Synthesis Transcription – passing information from DNA to mRNA. This happens in the nucleus. Information is copied onto an mRNA. For example GCCATA from the DNA would be CGGUAU on the mRNA (RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine.) RNA has A U C G. If the mRNA cannot copy the message from DNA because of a bacterial or viral infection a protein cannot be made. Protein Synthesis Translation – translating the message from the mRNA by tRNA to make a protein. This happens at the ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum. A tRNA carries the specific amino acid. A codon is a sequence of 3 bases on an mRNA molecule. For example… guanine - uracil - cytosine is a codon for a specific amino acid (valine). AUG is the “start” codon for translation. Protein Synthesis This is a mRNA Codon Chart for Making a Protein Protein Synthesis Using a Codon Chart Use the mRNA codon chart to fill in the appropriate amino acid sequences: 1. AGUAAUAAA serine - asparagine- lysine 2. UUGGUCGCA leucine valine - alanine 3. AUGUGCUAG methionine - cysteine - “stop” Protein Synthesis HINT Read questions carefully to see if they want the DNA complement or the mRNA. Remember your complements! DNA: G=C, C=G T=A, A=T RNA G=C, C=G U=A, A=U Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION TAKS Question Which of these represents the DNA segment from which this section of mRNA was transcribed? A. ACTAAG B. TCUTTG C. GAAUCU D. UCCTGA Protein Synthesis Codon TAKS Question 5’AGAUCGAGU3’ 5’ACAUCGAGU3’ The chain above represents three codons. Which of the following changes would be expected in the amino acid chain if the mutation shown above occurred? A The amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected. The identity of one amino acid would change. The amino acid sequence would remain unchanged. The identities of more than one amino acid would change. B C D Protein Synthesis CODON TAKS Question 2. The assembly of a messenger RNA strand that normally begins with UAC has been changed so that the newly assembled messenger RNA strand begins with UAG. Which of the following will most likely occur? A B C D The protein will be missing the first amino acid. The amino acids that make up the protein will all be different. The mRNA will become attached to a ribosome The production of the protein will be stopped. Genetics – physically observable traits (i.e., hair color, eye color) Genotype – alleles that the organism carries (You get one from mom and one from dad, 2 alleles for a trait.) (“genes”) Homozygous – same alleles (TT, tt) Heterozygous – different alleles (Tt) Phenotype Genetics Punnett Squares To examine what traits will be passed on to the next generation, we can use a Punnett square. Every child has 2 copies of EVERY gene (one from each parent). This combination of alleles is your genotype. Dominant alleles are shown by using a capital letter. BB TT Recessive alleles are shown by using a lower-case letter bb tt Genetics TAKS QUESTION: monohybrid Punnett square Botanists cross a heterozygous (Pp) plant having purple flowers with a homozygous (pp) plant having white flowers. About what percentage of the offspring will have purple flowers? F. 0% G. 25% H. 50% J. 75% Genetics TAKS QUESTION: (a dihybrid Punnett square) G g g Gg gg g Gg gg B b B BB Bb B BB Bb TAXONOMY - Kingdoms Classification K-P-C-O-F-G-S Remember – King Philip Came Over From Germany Safely Kingdom – least specific Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species – most specific Hint – you have to know the order!!! Hint – the first name is always the genus, second name is the species. (i.e. Homo sapian Homo=genus; sapian =species) Taxonomy TAKS Question Which of the following is the most specific group used to classify organisms? A Kingdom B Class C Genus D Order KINGDOMS Animal – multi-cellular, eukaryotic, (nucleus has a membrane), heterotrophic (consumes its food)(coral, worm, clam, octopus, insect, shrimp, snake, bird, cat) Plant – multi-cellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic (makes its own food by photosynthesis), have cell walls (algae, grass, ferns, conifers, oak trees) Monera - multi-cellular, eukaryotic, cannot move, have a cell wall, decomposers (fungi, mushrooms, mold, yeast) KINGDOMS – unicellular and multi-cellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophic and autotrophic Protista (amoeba, paramecium, euglena) – unicellular, prokaryotic (nucleus does not have membrane), heterotrophic or autotrophic (blue-green, Eubacteria streptococcus, bacillus) – prokaryotic, primitive, heterotrophic, live in harsh conditions: intestine of cows, termites, geysers) Archaebacteria Kingdoms The more levels that organisms are in together the more closely related they are. For example the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana is most closely related to northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens because they have the same genus name. TAKS Question Kingdoms TAKS Question Kingdoms TAKS Question Kingdoms Fungi are different from plants in that fungi — F secrete enzymes G decompose organic waste H contain DNA J have cell walls Organ Systems Excretory – removes waste from the body (kidneys, bladder) Digestive – break down and absorbs nutrients (mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines) – transports oxygen and nutrients to cells and carries wastes away from cells (heart,arteries, Circulatory veins, capillaries) Organ Systems – detects changes outside and inside your body and controls the way your body responds to these changes (eyes, ears, tongue, brain, spinal cord) Skeletal – helps you move, protects your internal organs, gives your body shape and support and make blood cells. Muscular – is responsible for voluntary (jumping and pointing) and involuntary (beating of your heart, blinking) movements. Nervous Organ Systems – produces chemical messengers called hormones. These help maintain homeostasis. Others control development and growth. (glands) Integumentary – “skin” forms a protective barrier around the body. Helps prevent water loss and controls body temperature. It also gathers information about your surroundings (touch, hot and cold). Immune – white blood cells and antibodies fight and protect the body from infection from bacteria and viruses. (B cells, Natural Endocrine Killer and T cells, spleen, bone marrow) Organ Systems – takes fluid from the spaces between cells and returns it to the circulatory system. It also filters bacteria and other microorganisms from this fluid. Reproductive – produces gamete cells (males = sperm, females = eggs) Respiratory – moves oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body. Lymphatic Body Systems Relation to Each Other How does the endocrine system affect the circulatory system? The endocrine system increases the heart rate by hormones (adrenaline) that are produced. Some organ systems are suppressed (slows down) when a person is frightened. For example, the digestive system is suppressed if you encounter a wild bear because your circulatory system is working overtime to get away from the bear. Circulatory and Digestive Systems Nutrients from the digestive system move into the circulatory system. TAKS Question Organ Systems