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Classification
&
Introduction to
Animals
Chapter 18 & Chapter 34
The science of naming and grouping
organisms based on their similarities
and evolutionary history is called
________________
taxonomy
According to Aristotle, all living things
could be divided into these 2 groups:
Plants and animals
Which scientist developed the
system of naming organisms
with a genus and species name?
Carolus Linnaeus
His 2 name naming system is called
__________
____________
Binomial
nomenclature
If you remove cells from an early
__________________
embryo the
deuterostome
remaining cells can still make the
whole organism.
Deuterostome
Protostome
Silly phrase that will help you to
remember the 7 hierarchy levels
in Linnaeus’s classification system.
Kids prefer cheese over fried green spinach.
Kings play chess on fat green stools.
Kids playing “chicken” on freeways get squished.
You just need one to help you remember the sequence!
The scientific name for red maple is
Acer rubrum. The part of its name that is the
SPECIES IDENTIFIER is ________
rubrum
Name the 3 germ layers that form
in early embryos.
endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm
The top surface or back of an animal is
the _____________
side.
dorsal
Dorsal
ventral
anterior
posterior
Another name for the space inside an
animal’s body that contains the body
organs is the ___________________
coelom
Which of the 6 Kingdoms will
ZOOLOGY class be focusing on
this year? ANIMALIA
A _____________
Phylogenetic treeis a diagram
used by the 6 kingdom system that shows
the evolutionary relationships between
groups of organisms.
The correct way to write the scientific name
for lion is ________
Panthera leo panthera leo
Panthera Leo
Panthera leo
Panthera leo or Panthera leo
1st name capitalized, 2nd name lower case,
both italicized or underlined
This diagram that uses “shared
derived characters” to group
organisms based on evolutionary
characteristics is called a
cladogram
___________
In some organisms the
blastopore
_______________
in the embryo
becomes the ANTERIOR END of
the digestive system (mouth) in
others it becomes the POSTERIOR
END of the digestive system (anus).
NAME THE TYPE OF CLEAVAGE
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif
radial
What do we call organisms with this type
of cleavage?
DEUTEROSTOMES
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Name the 6 Kingdoms used to classify
organisms today
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia
The correct scientific name for humans
is _______
Homo ________
sapiens
(OR Homo sapiens)
Echinoderms (like starfish) are thought to
be more closely related to vertebrates than
to other invertebrates (like mollusks)
because _________________________
* they have a spinal cord like vertebrates
* their blastopore becomes their anus like vertebrates
* they both belong to the Protist Kingdom
* Echinoderms and vertebrates all have pseudocoeloms
The blastopore becomes the anus in BOTH
vertebrates and echinoderms.
It becomes the mouth in all other invertebrates.
Name three kinds of evidence modern taxonomists
might look at when classifying an organism
Morphology
Fossil record
Embryology patterns
Chromosomes (karyotype)
Macromolecule sequences
(DNA or amino acids in proteins)
PROTOSTOME? DEUTEROSTOME?
DEUTEROSTOMES
Indeterminate radial cleavage ______________________
PROTOSTOMES
Determinate spiral cleavage _______________________
PROTOSTOMES
Blastopore becomes mouth _____________________
Blastopore becomes anus DEUTEROSTOMES
______________________
PROTOSTOMES
Can’t make identical twins _______________________
DEUTEROSTOMES
Can make identical twins _______________________
DEUTEROSTOMES
Includes all vertebrates plus echinoderms __________________________
PROTOSTOMES
Includes all invertebrates except echinoderms ________________________
In Linnaeus’s hierarchy PHYLUM is
division is
used for animals and __________
used when classifying plants.
The evolutionary history of an
phylogeny
organism is called ____________
List the 7 levels of Linnaeus’s
classification hierarchy starting
with the most general
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
What is the advantage of having
a true eucoelom?
Animal can move body muscles without
interfering with its digestion
Removing cells from an
____________
protostome embryo will result in
an organism with parts missing and
the organism will die.
deterostome
protostome
These groups are:
A. Levels in Linnaeus’s hierarchy
B. Modern Kingdoms used to classify organisms
C. Domains in the 3 Domain system
D. Cladistic groups
Modern KINGDOMS used to
classify organisms
In most invertebrates like (mollusks,
worms, & arthropods) the
blastopore becomes the ________
mouth
anus
mouth
invertebrate
An ______________
is an animal
without a backbone.
Which is the ONLY group of
INVERTEBRATES in which the
blastopore becomes the anus?
Echinoderms (EX: starfish)
The scientific name for lion
is Panthera leo. The part of its name that
tells its GENUS is ______________
Panthera
This Kingdom contains bacteria that
live in hostile places like volcano
vents and acidic water which
scientists think are very “ancient”.
archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Protists
Name one of the animal groups you
learned about that are vertebrates.
Mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians,
Organisms are classified using the
3-DOMAIN System based
on______________
Kind of ribosomes they have
Body parts that come from the same
embryological structures (like a
bat wing and a human arm are called
_____________
structures.
homologous
Analogous
homologous
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
Some organisms have
a body cavity with
mesoderm around the
outside body wall BUT
NOT around the gut.
They are called
pseudocoelomates
__________________
acoelomates
pseudocoelomates coelomates
Label the 2 diagrams that show
evolutionary relationships
http://www.cyber.vt.edu/geol3604/l8.htm
Phylogenetic tree
____________________
cladogram
____________________
SINGLE CELLED EUKARYOTES
like Euglena and Amoeba belong to
the kingdom ________________.
Protista
Planta
Eubacteria
Animalia
Protista
Archaebacteria
Fungi
Name the 3 kinds of symmetry you learned
about
Asymmetry, radial symmetry, &
bilateral symmetry
In this picture the cougar’s
anterior
_____________
end is
facing you.
dorsal ventral
anterior posterior
Mushrooms, mold, and yeast belong
FUNGI
to the Kingdom ________________.
The bottom (underneath) side of an
animal is called the
ventral
______________
side.
Dorsal
ventral
anterior posterior
http://www.utm.edu/~rirwin/symmetry2.htm
Slicing this mouse down
the middle results in halves
that are mirror images.
This kind of
symmetry is called
bilateral
_____________
The early Greek philosopher
and scientist who first grouped
organisms into categories was
Aristotle
______________
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
Type of body in which
the space around the
internal organs is
lined on 2 sides with
mesoderm.
Eucoelom
OR “true coelom”
Mesoderm on outside
body wall AND
around gut
An organism in which the blastopore
becomes the mouth
protostome
Structures with a SIMILAR function
that have a DIFFERENT
embryological origin
(like a bird wing and a butterfly wing)
are called ___________
structures.
analogous
analogous
homologous
In ALL VERTEBRATES and
one invertebrate group
(ECHINODERMS) the blastopore
becomes the __________________
anus
bilateral
Humans have _________
symmetry.
No
bilateral
radial
A diagram that is used to show the
evolutionary relationships thought to exist
between organisms is based on a variety of
evidence is called a
_______________________
phylogenetic tree
http://www.cyber.vt.edu/geol3604/l8.htm
An organism that has a true COELOM
is called a ______________.
eucoelomate
OR coelomate
The correct way to pronounce
the word “COELOM” is
Koe-lum
SEE-lum
See-lum
Sell-um
Type of symmetry seen
in jellyfish in which dividing
the animal in several
directions can produce equal
halves.
Asymmetry
radial
bilateral
radial
Images from: http://www.utm.edu/~rirwin/symmetry2.htm
Using the 3 Domain system, animals
would be classified in the Domain
Eukarya
___________________
Body structures that may have a
similar FUNCTION and have the same
embryological origins (like a bird wing
and a human arm) are called
___________ structures.
homologous
homologous
analogous
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
Animals (like some worms)
with a type of body in which
there is NO body cavity.
acoelomates
This depression that
forms in the side of
a blastula when cells
move inward is called
a ______________.
blastopore
Image from: http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16cm05/1116/16anim3.htm
Rigid covering on the outside of an
animals body that acts as a skeleton
exoskeleton
Nitrogen waste from cells can exist
in several chemical forms. Name
one.
AMMONIA, UREA, URIC ACID
Which classification system uses this
diagram to show evolutionary relationships?
6 Kingdom system
http://www.cyber.vt.edu/geol3604/l8.htm
Name another way modern scientists
use to classify organisms besides the
6-Kingdom system.
Cladistics
3-Domain system
The blastopore area in an animal
embryo becomes part of THIS
body system.
digestive
Reproductive
respiratory digestive nervous
No matter which
way you slice this
animal, you never
get 2 equal halves.
asymmetry.
It has __________
Asymmetry
bilateral symmetry
radial symmetry
True OR False
TRUE
Organisms that share homologous
structures probably have a common ancestor.
Name one way DEUTEROSTOMES
are different from PROTOSTOMES
PROTOSTOMES
DEUTEROSTOMES
1. Blastopore becomes mouth
2. Determinate
embryonic cells
3. Spiral cleavage
4. Invertebrates except
echinoderms
1. Blastopore becomes anus
2. Indeterminate
embryonic cells
3. Radial cleavage
4. Vertebrates &
echinoderms
This type of diagram using “Shared
derived characters” to show
evolutionary relationships is called a
cladogram
_______________________
http://facstaff.uww.edu/wentzl/cladogram_1.gif
Body coverings like feathers, fur, and
skin are included in this body system.
Integumentary
The concentration of sensory and
brain structures in the anterior end
of an organism is called
_______________________
cephalization
Name one of the functions of a coelom
Provides space for internal organs
Can act as a hydrostatic skeleton
Can provide space for nutrients
to circulate
Body system that removes nitrogen
waste produced by the body cells
Excretory
Which classification system uses this
diagram to show evolutionary
relationships?
CLADISTITCS uses this one…
it is called a cladogram
closed
In a(n) ____________
circulatory system
blood circulates thoroughout the body
inside blood vessels
A free swimming immature form
of an organism is called a
LARVA
____________
The young of animals that show
___________
development start out
direct
looking like the adults only smaller.
Type of circulatory system in which
blood in not enclosed in vessels but
circulates freely in the body space
___________
open
The young of animals that show
indirect development start out as
___________
an immature larva and undergo
metamorphosis to become adults .
http://www.enchantedlearning.com
Type of reproduction in which 1 parent
copies itself without exchanging
genetic material with a partner.
asexual
Skeleton that is located inside the
body.
endoskeleton
Which of the forms of nitrogen waste
found in organisms is MOST TOXIC?
AMMONIA
direct
Humans show __________
development.
direct
indirect
In which language are official scientific
names written ?
LATIN
internal fertilization.
Humans show ________
external
internal
homologous
Animals that share ________________
structures probably have a recent
common ancestor.
analogous
homologous
True OR False
Digestive waste and nitrogen waste
are the same thing.
FALSE; they are made in different places and
removed by different body systems!
2 groups used by Aristotle and Linnaeus
to group organisms
Plants & animals
Which is a pseudocoelom?
A
B
C
C
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
Which of the following is a phylogenetic
tree?
This is a
cladogram!
This one!
This is a
Karyotype!
Classification system that groups organisms based on the
kind of ribosomes they have
______________________
3 Domain system
Classification system that groups
organisms and shows evolutionary
relationships based on “shared derived characters”
______________________
Cladistics
Classification system that groups organisms and shows
evolutionary relationships based on multiple kinds of
evidence such as fossils, morphology, embryology,
chromosomes, and macromolecules
6__________________
Kingdom system
Match the organisms with their KINGDOMS
ANIMALIA
Multicellular, eukaryotic, heterotrophs _________________
(frogs, starfish, worms, lions, humans)
Multicellular heterotrophs that ____________________
FUNGI
absorb nutrients instead of eating
(yeast, mushrooms, mold, mildew)
“ancient bacteria” that live in very
ARCHAEBACTERIA
harsh environments
______________________
EUBACTERIA
True bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes) ______________________
Green plants (multicellular autotrophs) ______________________
PLANTAE
PROTISTA
Single celled Eukaryotes (Euglena, Amoeba) __________________
NAME THE TYPE OF CLEAVAGE
SPIRAL
http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/so28_04.gif
What do we call organisms with this type
of cleavage? PROTOSTOMES
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Label the directions
DORSAL
A.__________________
ANTERIOR
D_______________
POSTERIOR
__________________B
VENTRAL
___________________
C
Body system that provides
skeletal
support and protection ______________________
Body system that makes hormones
endocrine
which control other body systems ________________
Body system that deals with
integumentary
what covers the animal
__________________
NAME THE TYPE OF COELOM
Eucoelom
Images from:
Acoelom
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
Pseudocoelom
Which of the following is a cladogram?
This is a
cladogram!
This is a
phylogenetic
tree
This is a
Karyotype!
PRACTICE VOCAB:
Joining of an egg & sperm inside
the female’s body
____________________
Internal fertilization
Kind of development in which
offspring are born/hatch looking
Direct development
like their parents only smaller ____________________
Kind of circulatory system in which
blood is contained inside vessels
closed
__________________
phylogeny
An organism’s evolutionary history __________________
PRACTICE VOCAB:
Organism with a backbone ____________________
vertebrate
Organism with determinate spiral
cleavage whose blastopore
becomes its mouth
____________________
protostome
A eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular
organism with specialized cells that
animal
contain DNA which can move __________________
and reproduce
Organism made of cells with nuclei
and membrane bound organelles __________________
eukaryote
PRACTICE VOCAB:
Joining of an egg & sperm outside
the female’s body
____________________
External fertilization
Kind of development in which
development
offspring hatch as larva and must Indirect
____________________
undergo metamorphosis to become
adults
Kind of circulatory system in which
open
blood is NOT contained in vessels
__________________
and flows loose inside the coelom
Branch of biology that names and
groups organisms according to their
characteristics and phylogeny
taxonomy
______________________
PRACTICE VOCAB:
invertebrate
Organism without a backbone ____________________
Organism with indeterminate
radial cleavage whose blastopore
becomes its anus
____________________
deuterostome
Organism that must get nutrients
by consuming other organisms
__________________
heterotroph
Organism made of cells WITHOUT nuclei
OR membrane bound organelles __________________
prokaryote
PRACTICE VOCAB:
A hollow ball of cells formed when a
zygote undergoes repeated mitosis ________________________
blastula
In animals, the arrangement of
body parts around a central axis
Radial
symmetry
______________________
An ancestry diagram that shows
evolutionary relationships between
organisms based on
cladogram
“shared derived characters”
__________________
PRACTICE VOCAB:
A skeleton found on the outside
of an animal’s body
__________________
exoskeleton
Cleavage pattern in which cells
Determinate
twist as they divide and decide
spiral cleavage
early what they will become ____________________
Any eukaryotic heterotrophic
multicellular organism made of
specialized cells that contain DNA
animal
which can move and reproduce _________________
Classification system that groups organisms based on the
kind of ribosomes they have
______________________
3 Domain system
Classification system that groups
organisms and shows evolutionary
relationships based on “shared derived characters”
______________________
Cladistics
Classification system that groups organisms and shows
evolutionary relationships based on multiple kinds of
evidence such as fossils, morphology, embryology,
chromosomes, and macromolecules
6__________________
Kingdom system
Type of coelom in which
there is NO space and mesoderm
Acoelom
fills the area between ectoderm ____________________
and endoderm
Type of coelom in which mesoderm
is found lining the outside body wall
and surrounding the gut
__________________
eucoelom
Type of coelom in which mesoderm
lines the outside body wall but is
pseudocoelom
NOT found around the gut
____________________
PRACTICE VOCAB:
Body cavity (space) formed within the
mesoderm that surrounds
the internal organs
____________________
coelom
Specific layer of cells in an embryo
from which specific organ systems
develop
Germ layer
____________________
integument
Outside body covering in an animal __________________
Embryonic layer of cells that gives
to muscles and to interior body linings __________________
mesoderm
PRACTICE VOCAB:
The concentration of nervous tissue
and sensory organs in the anterior
end of an animal
cephalization
____________________
In animals the body plan where the
Bilateral
left and right sides are mirror images
symmetry
of each other
____________________
The system of naming organisms that Binomial
uses a 2 part scientific name
nomenclature
(genus & species indentifier)
__________________
Depression formed when the cells
of a blastula move inward
__________________
blastopore
A system of phylogenetic classification
using shared derived characters and the _____________________
recency of ancestry to group organisms
cladistics
The study of the internal and external
structure and form of an organism ____________________
morphology
A family tree that shows the evolutionary
Phylogenetic
relationships thought to exist among _____________________
organisms
tree
Waste produced in body cells by the
Nitrogen waste
breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids ________________
and handled by the excretory system
Body system for removing
nitrogen waste
excretory
____________________
Body system for transporting
nutrients and oxygen around
circulatory
in body
____________________
Body system that exchanges
respiratory
gases with the environment __________________
Body system that maintains
the balance of water/ions
(osmoregulation)
excretory
__________________
Body system for receiving info
nervous
about the environment and responding ________________
Body system for obtaining
nutrients
____________________
digestive
Body system that produces
offspring
reproductive
__________________
Body system that moves the whole
organism or is found in the walls
muscular
of body organs to move substances __________________
Body system that provides
skeletal
support and protection ______________________
Body system that makes hormones
endocrine
which control other body systems ________________
Body system that deals with
integumentary
what covers the animal
__________________
Type of cleavage pattern in which
dells stack on top of each other and Indeterminate
decide later on what they will become ______________
radial cleavage
Label the directions
DORSAL
A.__________________
POSTERIOR
D_______________
ANTERIOR
__________________B
VENTRAL
___________________
C
Animation from: http://bestanimations.com
NAME THE TYPE OF COELOM
Pseudocoelom
Images from:
Eucoelom
http://www.lander.edu/RSFOX/310images/310bilatImage.html
Acoelom
THE END