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Chapter 18 Tumour immunology • • • • • • • • • Immune surveillance/immunoediting Oncogenic viruses Tumour antigens Human tumour-associated antigens Immunodiagnosis Immunotherapy Tumor vaccines Gene therapy Immune escape mechanism Basic concepts of tumour immunology • Tumors can be initiated by environmental factors and by viruses. • Transformation involves changes in expression of normal cellular • • • • • genes. Genetic alterations (mutation, gene amplification, chromosomal deletion or translocation) are found in most, if not all, tumors. The altered proteins in tumor cells are antigenic for host immune responses. Tumor cells are attacked by the cellular immune system. Tumor cells may escape the host immune responses. Immunological methods are important in the therapy, diagnosis, and prevention of cancer. There are two-ways interaction between the tumor growth and the immune system in the immunocompetent host. Immunogenicity vs. tumorgenicity in tumor immunology : • Host recognition of tumour and adaptive immune responses based on: • Alteration of cells which undergo neoplastic transformation • Its ability to evoke immune responses and the effective of this immunity. Figure 12-37 Figure 12-46 Figure 12-49 Immunological escape of tumour cell • • • • • • • Tumor kinetics (sneaking through) Antigenic blocking Antigen shedding Induce host suppression Loss of MHC class I molecule Loss of adhesion molecule LFA-1 Acquire CD44 to increase metastasis The Three Phases of the Cancer Immunoediting Process