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Anatomy and Physiology, Sixth Edition
Rod R. Seeley
Idaho State University
Trent D. Stephens
Idaho State University
Philip Tate
Phoenix College
Chapter 19
Lecture Outline*
*See PowerPoint Image Slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes.
19-1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 19
Cardiovascular System
Blood
19-2
Functions of Blood
• Transport of:
– Gases, nutrients, waste products
– Processed molecules
– Regulatory molecules
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•
•
•
Regulation of pH and osmosis
Maintenance of body temperature
Protection against foreign substances
Clot formation
19-3
Composition of Blood
19-4
Plasma
• Liquid part of blood
– Pale yellow made up of 91% water, 9% other
• Colloid: Liquid containing suspended
substances that don’t settle out
– Albumin: Important in regulation of water
movement between tissues and blood
– Globulins: Immune system or transport
molecules
– Fibrinogen: Responsible for formation of blood
clots
19-5
Formed Elements
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• White blood cells (leukocytes)
– Granulocytes
• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Basophils
– Agranulocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Monocytes
• Platelets (thrombocytes)
19-6
Production of Formed Elements
• Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis: Process of
blood cell production
• Stem cells: All formed elements derived
from single population
– Proerythroblasts: Develop into red blood cells
– Myeloblasts: Develop into basophils,
neutrophils, eosinophils
– Lymphoblasts: Develop into lymphocytes
– Monoblasts: Develop into monocytes
– Megakaryoblasts: Develop into platelets
19-7
Hematopoiesis
19-8
Erythrocytes
• Structure
– Biconcave, anucleate
• Components
– Hemoglobin
– Lipids, ATP, carbonic
anhydrase
• Function
– Transport oxygen from
lungs to tissues and
carbon dioxide from
tissues to lungs
19-9
Hemoglobin
• Consists of:
– 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide (carbonic
anhydrase involved), nitric oxide
– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen
• Iron is required for oxygen transport
19-10
Erythropoiesis
• Production of red blood cells
– Stem cells
proerythroblasts
early erythroblasts
intermediate
late
reticulocytes
• Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC
production
19-11
Hemoglobin Breakdown
19-12
Leukocytes
• Types
• Protect body against
microorganisms and
remove dead cells and
debris
• Movements
– Ameboid
– Diapedesis
– Chemotaxis
– Neutrophils: Small
phagocytic cells
– Eosinophils: Reduce
inflammation
– Basophils: Release
histamine and increase
inflammatory response
– Lymphocytes: Immunity
– Monocytes: Become
macrophages
19-13
Leukocytes
• Macrophages:
- are the main phagocytes of the body.
• Neutrophils:
- are the first responders and become phagocytic
when they encounter infectious material.
• Eosinophils:
- are weakly phagocytic but are important in
defending the body against parasitic worms.
• Mast cells:
- have the ability to bind with, ingest, and kill a
wide range of bacteria.
Natural killer cells
•
They are able to lyse and kill :
- cancer cells
- virally infected cells
before the adaptive immune system has
been activated
Leukocytes
19-19
Thrombocytes
• Cell fragments
pinched off from
megakaryocytes in red
bone marrow
• Important in
preventing blood loss
– Platelet plugs
– Promoting formation
and contraction of clots
19-20
Hemostasis
• Arrest of bleeding
• Events preventing excessive blood loss
– Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of damaged
blood vessels
– Platelet plug formation
– Coagulation or blood clotting
19-21
Platelet Plug Formation
19-22
Coagulation
• Stages
– Activation of
prothrombinase
– Conversion of
prothrombin to
thrombin
– Conversion of
fibrinogen to fibrin
• Pathways
– Extrinsic
– Intrinsic
19-23
Clot Formation
19-24
Fibrinolysis
• Clot dissolved by
activity of plasmin,
an enzyme which
hydrolyzes fibrin
19-25
Blood Grouping
• Determined by antigens (agglutinogens) on
surface of RBCs
• Antibodies (agglutinins) can bind to RBC
antigens, resulting in agglutination
(clumping) or hemolysis (rupture) of RBCs
• Groups
– ABO and Rh
19-26
ABO Blood Groups
19-27
Agglutination Reaction
19-28
Rh Blood Group
• First studied in rhesus monkeys
• Types
– Rh positive: Have these antigens present on
surface of RBCs
– Rh negative: Do not have these antigens present
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)
– Mother produces anti-Rh antibodies that cross
placenta and cause agglutination and hemolysis
of fetal RBCs
19-29
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
19-30
Diagnostic Blood Tests
• Type and crossmatch
• Complete blood count
– Red blood count
– Hemoglobin measurement
– Hematocrit measurement
• White blood count
• Differential white blood
count
• Clotting
19-31
Blood Disorders
• Erythrocytosis: RBC
overabundance
• Anemia: Deficiency of
hemoglobin
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–
–
–
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Iron-deficiency
Pernicious
Hemorrhagic
Hemolytic
Sickle-cell
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•
•
•
•
Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia
Leukemia
Septicemia
Malaria
Infectious
mononucleosis
• Hepatitis
19-32