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WARM UP
NOTES CH 29
Lymphatic System and
Immunity
Intro
PARTS:
Lymph, lymphocytes, lymph
nodes, spleen, thymus, tonsils
FUNCTIONS:
1. FLUID BALANCE
2. FAT ABSORPTION
3. DEFENSE **
* filter microorganisms in
lymph nodes and spleen
* destroy micro. in tissues
LYMPHOCYTES
Cells that destroy microbes
LYMPH
• Clear fluid that is in tissues after
leaving the blood
• Made of ions, water, nutrients,
gases, hormones, wastes
• Circulates through lymph
vessels and into nearest lymph
node
LYMPH NODE
About small seed to almond size
Lymph passes through here
before returning to blood
1. Stimulates lymphocytes to
divide and go into bloodstream
2. Destroy microorganism there
3 main places of nodes
1. INGUINAL
2. AXILLARY
3. CERVICAL
TONSILS
• Areas in the mouth that collect
and destroy microbes
1. Palantine – sides
2. Adenoid – back top of throat
3. Lingual – back of tongue
SPLEEN
•
Size of fist, let upper side
FUNCTION:
1. Filters blood – cells detect
microbes or old rbc in blood and
destroy
2. Stores extra blood for emergencies
3. Makes lymphocytes
THYMUS
• Lower neck area
( after 60 decrease in size)
FUNCTION:
1. Produce lymphocytes
NOTES Ch 29
Immunity
IMMUNE SYSTEM
PARTS: white blood cells,
antibodies
FUNCTION: to destroy microbes
in tissues and protect body from
disease
LEUKOCYTES – white
blood cells
Leave the blood vessels and go
into infected area to destroy
microbe
TYPES:
1. neutrophils
2. macrophages
3. lymphocytes
NEUTROPHILS
• 1st to enter infected area
• Die after killing a microbe
• Phagocytosis – engulfing the
microbe or cell to destroy it
PUS – fluid, dead neutrophils,
bacteria, dead cells
MACROPHAGE
• 2nd to enter an infected area
• Can digest more and live longer
• Can wait in uninfected tissue
B CELLS
• Secrete antibodies
T CELLS
IMMUNITY
Ability to resist damage from
foreign substances
ANTIGEN
ANTIBODY
Foreign substance in
the body
Protein that
destroys a
specific antigen
EX: virus, bacteria,
allergen (pollen,
animal hair, foods,
etc.)
2 TYPES
1. INNATE
2. ADAPTIVE
Body born with
ability to
recognize and
destroy foreign
molecules
Body learns to
recognize and
destroy
(each time
exposed,
destroy better)
INNATE
Protections such as
Skin, mucus, tears, saliva
Chemicals:
Histamine, lysozyme, prostoglandins,
leukotrienes
These promote inflammation and
cause white blood cells to rush there
2 TYPES OF ADAPTIVE
IMMUNITY
1. NATURAL
a. Passive – mother to child
(umbilical cord or milk)
b. Active – natural exposure
(exposed to a virus, etc.)
2. ARTIFICIAL
a. Passive – antibodies placed
into person (from another
organism)
* won’t last long (antiserum
is an example)
b. Active – antigen deliberately
introduced into individ. to
stimulate their immune system
EX: VACCINATION
* dead organism or live
altered one (produces no
symptoms)
2 main types of
vaccinations
DTP
MMR
Diptheria
Tetanus
Pertussis
(whooping
cough)
Mumps
Measles
Rubella
HOW IMMUNITY WORKS
Every cell has surface marker on
the cell membrane.
When body does not recognize
these markers, it will respond to
it.
THE RESPONSE:
• B cell exposed to antigen
• Binds to it
• B cell starts to divide to form
1) memory B cells
2) plasma cells
PLASMA CELLS
MEMORY B CELLS
• Produce antibodies
– takes 3-14 days to
make enough to
destroy it
• When exposed to
antigen already in
the body, these
divide and from
plasma cells which
make the
antibodies fast
• No time for
symptoms to
develop
• Antigen can cause
symptoms in the
meantime