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Transcript
Immunology The Three Lines of Defense Vaccination Too Much or Too Little Eukaryotic Cells, Bacteria, and Viruses, our lions tigers and bears Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 9.2 Pathogens are disease causing organisms. The types are: Bacteria Characteristics: Prokaryotic Single celled Use of variety of resources for growth and reproduction Produce toxins and enzymes that break down normal homeostasis Infections: Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc. Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogen: Viruses Extremely small Living? Modes of entry Diseases: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis, rabies, colds, flu, warts, chicken pox, some cancers Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogen: Prions Infectious proteins Folding problems of normal brain proteins Resist cooking, freezing, drying Diseases: bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE), Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD) Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogens: Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells Candidiasis, athletes food, Parasitic worms/protozoa cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food Giardia, vaginitis, Leishmaniasis Bio 130 Human Biology Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector Infectious Disease: Example malaria Bio 130 Human Biology Malaria example Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing Bio 130 Human Biology Determination of Health Risk Transmissibility: how easily passed from person to person Mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal–oral, body fluids Virulence: how much damage caused by infection Bio 130 Human Biology Lymphatic System: Functions Functions: Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive system Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection Bio 130 Human Biology Lymphatic System: Components Components: Lymph: protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph by filtering out material Spleen: cleanses blood, removes dying red blood cells, helps fight infection Thymus: secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to cause T lymphocytes to mature Tonsils: protect throat Bio 130 Human Biology The Lymph system and circulation Remember this. Bio 130 Human Biology The 3 lines of defense Of the Human Body… Surface barriers to invasion (section 9.3) Physical Chemical Lysozymes Non specific responses (Table 9.1) Skin, Resident bacteria, Phagocytosis (Cells), Complement(Proteins), Inflammation, fever Specific responses (section 9.5) Immunity Bio 130 Human Biology 1st line of defence Physical and Chemical Barriers Bio 130 Human Biology Sect 9.3 keeping pathogens out Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense Table 9.1 The Inflammatory Response Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 9.7 Nonspecific Defenses: Second Line Phagocytosis: by neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils Inflammatory response: Signs: redness, warmth, swelling, pain Process: tissue damage leads to release of histamine, blood vessels dilate, complement marks bacteria, phagocytic cells arrive and remove invading microorganisms Bio 130 Human Biology The Inflammatory Response Bio 130 Human Biology Figure 9.7 Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of Defense Figure 9.6b Lines of Defense: Second Line Natural killer cells: lymphocytes Complement system: group of plasma proteins Fever: increases host cell defenses and metabolic activity Bio 130 Human Biology The immune Components of Blood (soluble proteins) Interferon: Helps cells not yet infected by a virus, prevents spreading Complement Set of 20 different proteins that bind to and attack foreign substances and set off a series of reactions Bio 130 Human Biology Interferon , with its last dying breath an infected cell sends out a warning. “Interfero n” Complement system The Third Line of Defense has: Specificity Memory 2 types Antibody mediated Cell mediated Bio 130 Human Biology Antibody Structure Antigen Antigenbinding site Variable regions Light chain Constant regions Heavy chain Figure 9.11 The immune components of blood (cells) (Agranulocytes) Macrophage (monocytes) B cells (lymphocytes) T cells (lymphocyte) Engulf pathogens present antigens present antigens, produce antibodies, memory and plasma determine if immune response should occur Bio 130 Human Biology Definitions Self- when a cell contains surface proteins that the immune system recognizes as belonging to the body Nonself- markers from substances other than self that cause an immune response Bio 130 Human Biology Define: will go over look up Antigen Pathogen Antibody Macrophage MHC APC Bio 130 Human Biology Immune specificity and memory The body responds to a specific antigen It takes a long time for the body to find a B cell that produces the specific antigen Memory cells enable the body to respond to an antigen quicker the second time around Bio 130 Human Biology Two Types of Specific defense Antibody-mediated immune responses Mostly against free antigen in body fluids Memory B cells transform into plasma cells and produce antibodies that clear the antigen Cell-mediated immune responses Where cells (cytotoxic T cell) destroy other cells (cancer) Bio 130 Human Biology Clonal Selection: helper, cytotoxic T cells Make a cartoon on the board. Of an APC Bio 130 Human Biology APC Antibodies are produced against specific antigens The Immune System Mounts Antibody-Mediated Responses and CellMediated Responses Cytotoxic T cells mount a cell-mediated immune response to destroy antigenbearing cells Bio 130 Human Biology Immunological memory allows for a more rapid response on subsequent exposure Allergies are a result of immunological memory Another picture of clonal selection Bio 130 Human Biology Too much immunity Allergies The immune system over responds, mainly IgE Antibodies to IgG deteriorates Rheumatoid Arthritis synovial membrane Antibodies to DNA gives a systemic lupus whole host of responses Body rejects what is needed yet transplant rej. is foreign materials Bio 130 Human Biology Too little response AIDS T cells become infected with HIV SCID lack B and T cells at birth Anaphylaxis a systemic release of basophils and their histamine Bio 130 Human Biology Vaccination When the body is introduced to an antigen that will not cause disease Active immunity- you catch the disease and get over it. Active artificial- your get vaccinated with a killed or part of a pathogen. Passive immunity- mothers milk provides resistance. Bio 130 Human Biology Bio 130 Human Biology What do the cells of the immune response do? B Cells T Cells Mast Cells Macrophage Bio 130 Human Biology A person has HIV tainted blood spilled on them, will they automatically get AIDS? Bio 130 Human Biology How Do Vaccines work? Bio 130 Human Biology Why don’t all tissue transplants work? Bio 130 Human Biology Define Clonal Selection Bio 130 Human Biology Xolair and IGE, Xolair will reduce the amount of IgE Define IgG and IgE Taking shots Doing this. The Allergy Cascade Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms Certain bacteria produce toxins that cause disease Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms bacterial toxins beneficial bacteria antibiotics antibiotic resistance Viruses can damage the host cell as they leave the cell after replication or when incorporated into the cell’s chromosomes Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms Protozoans cause disease by producing toxins and enzymes Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms Fungi often cause disease by secreting enzymes that digest cells Parasitic worms cause disease by releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with the host for food Bio 130 Human Biology Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms Prions cause disease by causing normal proteins to become misfolded and form Bio 130 Human Biology Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or an Animal Vector Infectious Disease Bio 130 Human Biology Examples of mondern-day Plagues Genital warts Genital herpes Gonorrhea Chlamydia hepatitis Influenza Severe acute respiratory syndrome Tuberculosis Malaria Lyme disease hantavirus Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern New diseases are emerging, and some old diseases are reappearing Bio 130 Human Biology Infectious Diseases Remain Cause for Concern Epidemiologists track diseases Bio 130 Human Biology Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons Anthrax is caused by a bacterium that forms resistant spores Bio 130 Human Biology Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons Smallpox is caused by a highly contagious virus Bio 130 Human Biology Biological Organisms and Products May Be Used As Biological Weapons Botulinum toxin is a potent poison Bio 130 Human Biology The CDC Tracks diseases and epidemics Tries to prevent disease and epidemics Pandemics Bio 130 Human Biology Story Time Hunt for a vaccine against Cavities Saving and storing cord blood A possible cure for your cancer Bio 130 Human Biology