Download Quick Review

Immunology
The Three Lines of Defense
Vaccination
Too Much or Too Little
Eukaryotic Cells, Bacteria,
and Viruses, our lions tigers
and bears
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 9.2
Pathogens are disease
causing organisms. The
types are: Bacteria

Characteristics:





Prokaryotic
Single celled
Use of variety of resources for growth and reproduction
Produce toxins and enzymes that break down normal
homeostasis
Infections:

Pneumonia, tonsillitis, tuberculosis, botulism, toxic shock
syndrome, syphilis, Lyme disease, etc.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogen: Viruses




Extremely small
Living?
Modes of entry
Diseases: AIDS, hepatitis, encephalitis,
rabies, colds, flu, warts, chicken pox, some
cancers
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogen: Prions




Infectious proteins
Folding problems of normal brain proteins
Resist cooking, freezing, drying
Diseases: bovine spongiform encephalitis
(BSE), Creutzfeld-Jakob disease (CJD)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens:

Fungi often cause disease by secreting
enzymes that digest cells


Candidiasis, athletes food,
Parasitic worms/protozoa cause disease by
releasing toxins, feeding off blood, or
competing with the host for food

Giardia, vaginitis, Leishmaniasis
Bio 130 Human Biology
Disease Is Spread When a
Pathogen Enters the Body Through
Contact, Consumption, or an
Animal Vector
Infectious Disease:
Example malaria
Bio 130 Human Biology
Malaria example
Infectious Diseases Remain
Cause for Concern

New diseases are emerging, and some old
diseases are reappearing
Bio 130 Human Biology
Determination of Health Risk

Transmissibility: how easily passed from person to
person

Mode of transmission: respiratory, fecal–oral, body
fluids

Virulence: how much damage caused by infection
Bio 130 Human Biology
Lymphatic System:
Functions

Functions:



Maintenance of blood volume in cardiovascular system
Transport of fats and fat-soluble material from digestive
system
Filtration of foreign material to defend against infection
Bio 130 Human Biology
Lymphatic System:
Components

Components:





Lymph: protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic
vessels
Lymph nodes: cleanse lymph by filtering out material
Spleen: cleanses blood, removes dying red blood cells,
helps fight infection
Thymus: secretes thymosin and thymopoietin to cause T
lymphocytes to mature
Tonsils: protect throat
Bio 130 Human Biology
The Lymph system and
circulation
Remember
this.
Bio 130 Human Biology
The 3 lines of defense Of the
Human Body…

Surface barriers to invasion (section 9.3)

Physical


Chemical


Lysozymes
Non specific responses (Table 9.1)


Skin, Resident bacteria,
Phagocytosis (Cells), Complement(Proteins),
Inflammation, fever
Specific responses (section 9.5)

Immunity
Bio 130 Human Biology
1st line of
defence
Physical and Chemical
Barriers
Bio 130 Human Biology
Sect 9.3 keeping
pathogens out
Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of
Defense
Table 9.1
The Inflammatory Response
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 9.7
Nonspecific Defenses:
Second Line


Phagocytosis: by neutrophils, macrophages,
eosinophils
Inflammatory response:


Signs: redness, warmth, swelling, pain
Process: tissue damage leads to release of histamine,
blood vessels dilate, complement marks bacteria,
phagocytic cells arrive and remove invading
microorganisms
Bio 130 Human Biology
The Inflammatory Response
Bio 130 Human Biology
Figure 9.7
Nonspecific Defense—Second Line of
Defense
Figure 9.6b
Lines of Defense: Second
Line



Natural killer cells: lymphocytes
Complement system: group of plasma
proteins
Fever: increases host cell defenses and
metabolic activity
Bio 130 Human Biology
The immune Components of
Blood (soluble proteins)


Interferon: Helps cells not yet infected by a
virus, prevents spreading
Complement

Set of 20 different proteins that bind to and attack
foreign substances and set off a series of
reactions
Bio 130 Human Biology
Interferon
, with its
last dying
breath an
infected
cell sends
out a
warning.
“Interfero
n”
Complement system
The Third Line of Defense has:

Specificity
Memory

2 types



Antibody mediated
Cell mediated
Bio 130 Human Biology
Antibody Structure
Antigen
Antigenbinding
site
Variable
regions
Light
chain
Constant
regions
Heavy chain
Figure 9.11
The immune components of
blood (cells) (Agranulocytes)



Macrophage
(monocytes)
B cells
(lymphocytes)

T cells
(lymphocyte)


Engulf pathogens present
antigens
present antigens, produce
antibodies, memory and
plasma
determine if immune
response should occur
Bio 130 Human Biology
Definitions


Self- when a cell contains surface proteins
that the immune system recognizes as
belonging to the body
Nonself- markers from substances other
than self that cause an immune response
Bio 130 Human Biology
Define: will go over look up






Antigen
Pathogen
Antibody
Macrophage
MHC
APC
Bio 130 Human Biology
Immune specificity and
memory



The body responds to a specific antigen
It takes a long time for the body to find a B
cell that produces the specific antigen
Memory cells enable the body to respond to
an antigen quicker the second time around
Bio 130 Human Biology
Two Types of Specific
defense

Antibody-mediated immune responses



Mostly against free antigen in body fluids
Memory B cells transform into plasma cells and
produce antibodies that clear the antigen
Cell-mediated immune responses

Where cells (cytotoxic T cell) destroy other cells
(cancer)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Clonal Selection: helper,
cytotoxic T cells

Make a cartoon on the board. Of an APC
Bio 130 Human Biology
APC
Antibodies are produced against
specific antigens
The Immune System Mounts
Antibody-Mediated
Responses and CellMediated Responses

Cytotoxic T cells mount a cell-mediated
immune response to destroy antigenbearing cells
Bio 130 Human Biology
Immunological memory allows for a
more rapid response on subsequent
exposure
Allergies are a result of
immunological memory
Another picture of clonal
selection
Bio 130 Human Biology
Too much immunity




Allergies
The immune system over
responds, mainly IgE
 Antibodies to IgG deteriorates
Rheumatoid Arthritis
synovial membrane
 Antibodies to DNA gives a
systemic lupus
whole host of responses
 Body rejects what is needed yet
transplant rej.
is foreign materials

Bio 130 Human Biology
Too little response

AIDS

T cells become infected with
HIV

SCID

lack B and T cells at birth

Anaphylaxis

a systemic release of
basophils and their histamine
Bio 130 Human Biology
Vaccination

When the body is introduced to an antigen
that will not cause disease

Active immunity- you catch the disease and get
over it.


Active artificial- your get vaccinated with a killed or part
of a pathogen.
Passive immunity- mothers milk provides
resistance.
Bio 130 Human Biology
Bio 130 Human Biology
What do the cells of the immune
response do?




B Cells
T Cells
Mast Cells
Macrophage
Bio 130 Human Biology
A person has HIV tainted blood
spilled on them, will they
automatically get AIDS?
Bio 130 Human Biology
How Do Vaccines work?
Bio 130 Human Biology
Why don’t all tissue transplants
work?
Bio 130 Human Biology
Define Clonal Selection
Bio 130 Human Biology

Xolair and IGE,




Xolair will reduce the amount of IgE
Define IgG and IgE
Taking shots
Doing this.
The Allergy Cascade
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms

Certain bacteria produce toxins that cause
disease
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms





bacterial toxins
beneficial bacteria
antibiotics
antibiotic resistance
Viruses can damage the host cell as
they leave the cell after replication or
when incorporated into the cell’s
chromosomes
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms

Protozoans cause disease by producing
toxins and enzymes
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms


Fungi often cause disease by secreting
enzymes that digest cells
Parasitic worms cause disease by releasing
toxins, feeding off blood, or competing with
the host for food
Bio 130 Human Biology
Pathogens Are DiseaseCausing Organisms

Prions cause disease by causing normal
proteins to become misfolded and form
Bio 130 Human Biology
Disease Is Spread When a Pathogen Enters
the Body Through Contact, Consumption, or
an Animal Vector
Infectious Disease
Bio 130 Human Biology
Examples of mondern-day Plagues
Genital warts
Genital herpes
Gonorrhea
Chlamydia
hepatitis
Influenza
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
Tuberculosis
Malaria
Lyme disease
hantavirus
Infectious Diseases Remain
Cause for Concern

New diseases are emerging, and some old
diseases are reappearing
Bio 130 Human Biology
Infectious Diseases Remain
Cause for Concern

Epidemiologists track diseases
Bio 130 Human Biology
Biological Organisms and
Products May Be Used As
Biological Weapons

Anthrax is caused by a bacterium that forms
resistant spores
Bio 130 Human Biology
Biological Organisms and
Products May Be Used As
Biological Weapons

Smallpox is caused by a highly contagious
virus
Bio 130 Human Biology

Biological Organisms and
Products May Be Used As
Biological Weapons
Botulinum toxin is a potent poison
Bio 130 Human Biology
The CDC

Tracks diseases and epidemics
Tries to prevent disease and epidemics

Pandemics

Bio 130 Human Biology
Story Time



Hunt for a vaccine against Cavities
Saving and storing cord blood
A possible cure for your cancer
Bio 130 Human Biology