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Transcript
Chapter 35 Lymph Transport & Immunity Outline The Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels Lymphoid Organs Nonspecific Defenses Barriers Inflammatory Response Specific Defenses Antibodies T Cells Induced Immunity Active versus Passive Immunity Immunity Side Effects Allergies Blood Typing Lymph Transport & Immunity 2 The Lymphatic System Lymph Transport & Immunity 3 Consists of lymphatic vessels and the lymphoid organs Three main homeostatic functions: - Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to the bloodstream - Lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream - Helps defend body against disease Lymphatic System 4 The Lymphatic Organs 5 Lymphatic System Lymph Transport & Immunity 6 One-way system that begins with lymphatic capillaries Take up fluid that has been diffused from, and not reabsorbed by, blood capillaries - Edema - Localized swelling due to accumulation of tissue fluid Lymph flows one way - From a capillary to ever-larger lymphatic vessels - Finally to a lymphatic duct, which enters a subclavian vein Lymphoid Organs Lymph Transport & Immunity 7 Lymph Nodes - Capsule surrounding two distinct regions, cortex and medulla Lymphocytes congregate in cortex when fighting off a pathogen Macrophages concentrated in medulla - cleanse lymph Lymph nodes named for their location Lymphoid Organs Lymph Transport & Immunity Tonsils Patches of lymphatic tissue located around the pharynx First to encounter pathogens that enter via the nose and mouth Spleen Located in upper left region of abdominal cavity just beneath diaphragm Cleanses blood 8 Lymphoid Organs Lymph Transport & Immunity Thymus Gland Located along trachea behind the sternum in upper thoracic cavity Produces thymic hormones Red Bone Marrow Origin for all types of blood cells Area of maturation for most white blood cells 9 Immune System Lymph Transport & Immunity Nonspecific Defenses Barriers to entry serve as mechanical barriers - Skin - Mucous membranes lining respiratory, digestive, and urinary tracts 10 Nonspecific Defenses Lymph Transport & Immunity 11 Inflammatory Reaction Damaged cells and mast cells release histamine and kinins Capillaries dilate and become more permeable Enlarged capillaries cause skin to redden Swollen area and kinins stimulate free nerve endings causing pain Inflammatory Reaction Lymph Transport & Immunity 12 Neutrophils and monocytes migrate to the site of injury Neutrophils and mast cells phagocytize pathogens Monocytes differentiate into macrophages Inflammatory Response 13 Complement System Lymph Transport & Immunity 14 A collection of plasma proteins Activated when pathogens enter the body Complements certain immune responses Interferon binds to receptors of non-infected cells Causes them to prepare for possible attack Produce substances that interfere with viral replication Action of the Complement System Against a bacterium 15 Specific Defenses Lymph Transport & Immunity 16 An antigen is any foreign substance that stimulates the immune system to react Lymphocytes capable of recognizing antigens Have antigen receptors on plasma membrane Protein’s shape allow it to combine with a specific antigen Specific Defenses Lymph Transport & Immunity Immunity primarily the result of B lymphocytes - B cells give rise to plasma cells - Produce antibodies T lymphocytes - T cells directly attack cells that bear non-self proteins 17 Lymph Transport & Immunity Antibody-Mediated Immunity Clonal selection theory: The antigen selects which lymphocyte will - Undergo clonal expansion, and - Produce more lymphocytes If the same antigen enters the system again - Memory B cells quickly divide - Give rise to more lymphocytes capable of quickly producing antibodies 18 Clonal Selection Model as it Applies to B Cells19 Immunoglobins Lymph Transport & Immunity 20 IgG - Main antibody type in circulation IgM - Found in circulation Largest antibody IgA - Found in secretions IgD - Found on surface of immature B cells IgE - Found as antigen receptors on basophils in blood and on mast cells in tissue Structure of an Antibody 21 T Cells Lymph Transport & Immunity 22 Requirements for T cell antigen recognition: Antigen must be presented by an antigenpresenting cell Antigen is first linked to a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein in the plasma membrane Cytokines - signaling chemicals that stimulate various immune cells Clonal Selection Model as it Applies to T cells 23 Types of T Cells Lymph Transport & Immunity Cytotoxic T Cells Destroy antigen-bearing cells Contain Perforins Helper T Cells Regulate immunity by secreting cytokines 24 Cell-mediated Immunity 25 Overview of Nonspecific and Specific Defenses 26 Induced Immunity Lymph Transport & Immunity 27 Active Immunity Immunization - Pathogens or pathogen products treated to remove virulence - Dependent upon memory B cells & memory T cells capable of responding to lower doses of antigen Active Immunity Due to Immunizations 28 Passive Immunity Lymph Transport & Immunity 29 Passive immunity Occurs when an individual is given prepared antibodies (immunoglobins) to combat a disease - Short-lived - Newborns are often passively immune due to mother’s blood Passive Immunity 30 Cytokines and Immunity Lymph Transport & Immunity 31 Cytokines Signaling molecules produced by lymphocytes, monocytes, or other cells Both interferon and interleukins have been used as immunotherapeutic drugs Enhance the ability of the individual’s T cells (and B cells) to fight cancer Production of Monoclonal Antibodies 32 Immunity Side Effects Lymph Transport & Immunity Allergies Hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily would not harm the body - Immediate Response IgE antibodies - Delayed Response Memory T cells 33 Immunity Side Effects Lymph Transport & Immunity 34 Blood Type Reactions ABO blood typing - Two self antigens - A and B - If same antigen and its antibody are present in the blood, agglutination occurs Rh blood typing - People that are Rh+ have Rh factor - People that are Rh- do not have Rh factor - Rh- individuals may produce antibodies to Rh factor if exposed Blood Transfusions 35 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 36 Immunity Side Effects Lymph Transport & Immunity 37 Tissue Rejection Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells bring about destruction of foreign tissues in the body Immune system is correctly distinguishing between self and nonself Autoimmune Diseases Cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells Review The Lymphatic System Lymph Vessels Lymphoid Organs Nonspecific Defenses Barriers Inflammatory Response Specific Defenses Antibodies T Cells Induced Immunity Active versus Passive Immunity Immunity Side Effects Allergies Blood Typing Lymph Transport & Immunity 38 Ending Slide Chapter 35 Lymph Transport & Immunity