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Animal Behavior
Chapter 51
AP Biology
Why study behavior?
 ________________________________________— the study of behavior
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1941 | 1973
Ethology
pioneers in the study of animal behavior
Karl von Frisch
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Niko Tinbergen
Konrad Lorenz
What is behavior?
 Behavior

Defined as observable and coordinated
________________________________________to environmental
________________________________________.
 Result of ________________________________________&
________________________________________factors
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What is behavior?

Innate Behaviors
 ________________________________________, “instinctive”
 ________________________________________& consistent
 “Built-in”, no “learning curve”
 Despite different environments,
all individuals exhibit the behavior
 Ex. early survival, reproduction, ________________________________________,
________________________________________
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Evolutionary perspective
 Learned behaviors
 Modified by
______________________________________
 Variable, changeable
 change with experience & environment
 Flexible with a complex & changing environment
 Ability to learn is inherited, but the behavior
develops during
animal’s lifetime
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Levels of Behavioral Analysis
 Proximate causes

______________________________________ stimulus &
mechanism

______________________________________ &
______________________________________ interaction

Sensory motor mechanisms

“______________________________________” &
“______________________________________” questions
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male songbird
 what triggers
singing?
 how does he
sing?
 why does he
sing?
Levels of Behavioral Analysis
 Ultimate causes

______________________________________ significance

how does behavior
contribute to survival
& ______________________________________

“______________________________________ ” questions
Courtship behavior in cranes
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 what…how… & why questions
 how does daylength influence breeding?
 why do cranes breed in spring?
Innate Behaviors-developmentally fixed
Taxis
 Kinesis
 Migration
 FAP
 Animal Signals & Communication

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Innate Behaviors-Taxis

Automatic response ______________________________________ or
______________________________________ from a stimulus.
 Automatic movement toward
(______________________________________ taxis) or


from ______________________________________ (negative taxis) a
stimulus
 phototaxis
 Chemotaxis
Examples:
Trout are and swim upstream so as not to be swept away.
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Innate Behaviors- Kinesis

A change in the activity ______________________________________ in
response to a stimulus.


______________________________________ directed, unlike taxis.
Example:
Sow bugs are more active in dry areas and less in humid ones; this
keeps them in moist environments.

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Innate behavior: Fixed action patterns (_______)

Unlearned

Usually carried to ______________________________________ once
started

Triggered by a ______________________________________
male sticklebacks exhibit
aggressive territoriality
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Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)
Digger wasp
Human babies
always smile at a
mask with two
dark spots for
eyes.
Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns?
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The “eyebrow-flash”
Fixed Action Patterns Examples

Male stickleback fish will show aggression
toward any shape that has a red area.
attack on red belly stimulus
court on swollen belly stimulus
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Figure 51.3 Classic demonstration of innate behavior
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Complex Innate behaviors
 Migration



“migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity
Migration is learned, but how to learn them is innate
______________________________________ navigation- by sun, stars,
Earth magnetic fields
Sandpipe
Monarch
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migration
Bobolink
ancient
flyways
Golden plover
Examples of Migration
 ______________________________________ butterflies from our area migrate
to Mexico in the fall and the next generation flies north in the spring.
 Snow ______________________________________ fly 2,700 km from James

Bay, Canada to Louisiana nonstop in 60 hours.
The green sea turtle migrates 2,200 km across the Atlantic ocean from the
east coast of South America to Ascension Island (10 km across) every 2-3
years where the adult females lay eggs.
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks
 ______________________________________ Rhythms
 “Sleep, wake cycle”

Humans~about 24 hours long

______________________________________ the normal clock is 24.2 hrs
Mutant flies have cycles of 19 & 28 hrs.

 ______________________________________—active during the ___________
 ______________________________________—active during hours of _______
 ______________________________________—having greatest activity during
____________________ hours or at ______________________________ or both
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks
 Lunar cycles
 Ex.

Grunion swarm from April-June when the
spring tides occur
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks
 What controls the biological clock?
 No single mechanism—an ______________________________________ of a
number of ______________________________________ processes
 The ______________________________________ gland is thought to play a
role in the timing system of rats, birds and some other vertebrates.
 In mammals, regions of the ______________________________________ are
involved.
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Biological Rhythms & Clocks
 How much is internal and how much is governed by external clues?
 Answer: There is usually a strong ______________________________________
(internal) component, but
an ______________________________________ (external) cue is necessary to
keep the behavior properly timed in the real world.
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Animal Signals & Communication
 An action by a sender that influences the behavior of a receiver.
 Does not have to be ______________________________________
 Ex. bat sound pulses influence moth evasive behavior.
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Communication: Chemical
 Works both day and night
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Social interaction requires communication
 __________________________
______________________________________
signal that stimulates a response from other
individuals
Ex. Female moths secrete chemicals which
attract males.
Cheetahs and other cats mark their territory with



______________________________________ ,
______________________________________ , and
anal gland secretions.
 alarm pheromones
 sex pheromones
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Pheromones
Female mosquito use CO2
concentrations to locate victims
marking territory
Spider using moth sex
pheromones, as allomones,
to lure its prey
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Communication: Auditory
 ______________________________________ than chemical and also




effective both night and day.
Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition.
Ex. Male crickets have calls and birds may have one song for courting,
another for distress, and still another for marking territories.
Humpback whales have complicated songs.
Nonhuman primates have up to 40 different vocalizations.
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Communication by song
 Bird song



species identification & mating ritual
mixed ______________________________________ &
______________________________________
 critical learning period
Insect song
 mating ritual & song
 innate, genetically
controlled
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Communication: Tactile
 Occurs when one animal
______________________________________ another.
 Ex. A male leopard nuzzles a female’s neck to calm her and to
stimulate her willingness to mate.
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 Honey bee communication

dance to communicate location of food source

______________________________________
dance
Discovered by Karl von

______________________________________ in the
1940s. Waggle dance indicates both distance to
and direction of food.
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Communication: Visual
 Most often used by species that are active during the
_____________________________________.
 Contests between males involve threat postures and possibly
prevent fighting.
 Ex. Male birds often put on courtship dances to attract females.
 Much human communication is nonverbal such as smiling,
blushing, body posture.
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Learned Behavior: Modified behaviors
by experience
Habituation
 Imprinting
 Associative learning

 Classical conditioning
 Operant conditioning

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Cognition
Learning: Habituation
 Loss of response to
______________________________________



“______________________________________ ” effect
______________________________________ in response
to repeated occurrences of stimulus
enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli
 ex: falling leaves not triggering fear response in baby
birds
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Innate & Learning: Imprinting
 Learning to form social attachments at a specific
___________________________ (_________________________ )
______________________________________
 both learning & innate components
 Konrad ______________________________________ spent time with
geese hours after hatched
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Figure 51.9 Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz with imprinted geese
Imprinting
Konrad Lorenz
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Conservation
Conservation biologists have
taken advantage of imprinting
by young whooping cranes as
a means to teach the
birds a migration
Wattled crane conservation
route. A pilot wearing
teaching cranes to migrate
a crane suit in an
Ultralight plane acts
as a surrogate parent.
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Associative learning

Learning to associate
a stimulus with a consequence
 ______________________________________ conditioning
 BF ______________________________________
 Trial & error learning
 Associate ______________________________________ with
______________________________________ or
______________________________________
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Associative learning
 Classical conditioning
 ______________________________________ conditioning
 Associate ______________________________________ with
______________________________________ or
______________________________________
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Operant Conditioning
•Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response connections.
•Examples:
•
•
Teaching an animal a trick by rewarding correct behavior with
affection or food.
B.F. Skinner’s experiments
• ____________________________________________connect
sugar treat with pressing a
____________________________________________.
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Operant conditioning
 ____________________________________________
box
B. F. Skinner
mouse learns to associate behavior
(pressing
lever) with reward (food pellet)
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Critical period
 Sensitive phase for optimal
_______________________________________________
 some behavior must be learned during a
receptive time period
As a brood parasite,
the Cuckoo never
learn the song of their
species as a nestling.
Song development is
totally innate.
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Classical conditioning
 Ivan ______________________________________dogs

connect reflex behavior
(____________________________________________ at sight of food)
to associated stimulus (ringing
____________________________________________)
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Learning: Cognition
 Ability for
____________________________________________
system to store, perceive, and process information
problem-solving
tool use
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Social Behavior
 Some animals are largely solitary and join with a member of the
opposite sex only for
____________________________________________; others pair,
bond and cooperate in the raising of offspring.
 Still others form a society in which members are organized in a
____________________________________________ manner.
 ____________________________________________— a group of
individuals of the same species that cooperate in an adaptive
manner; e.g. bee hive, flock of birds, wolf pack, school of fish.
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Social behaviors
 Interactions between individuals






develop as evolutionary adaptations
Result in survival and reproductive success
Agonistic behaviors
Dominance hierarchy
Cooperation
Altruistic behavior
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Social behaviors
 ____________________________________________ behaviors

Threatening & Submissive rituals
 symbolic, usually no harm done

ex: ____________________________________________, competitor
aggression
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Social behaviors
 ____________________________________________
hierarchy
 social ranking within a group
 ___________________________________ order
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Dominance Hierarchies
 A ____________________________________________ ranking animal
has greater access to
____________________________________________ than a lower ranking
animal.
 Decided by ____________________________________________ during
which one animal gives way to another.
 Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting.
 Dominant male mate more often with the females.
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Territoriality-- Protecting an area against
other individuals.
 Male songbirds sing to signify their territories and other males know to stay

away. The song also alerts females to presence of a male.
May be adaptive—tends to reduce conflict, to control
____________________________________________ growth, and to ensure the
most efficient use of ____________________________________________ by
spacing organisms throughout a habitat.
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Social behaviors
 Cooperation

working ____________________________________________ in
coordination
Pack of African dogs
hunting wildebeest
cooperatively
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White pelicans “herding”
school of fish
Social behaviors
 Altruistic behavior

____________________________________________
____________________________________________ fitness but
____________________________________________ fitness of others in a
____________________________________________

___________________________________selection
 increasing survival of close relatives passes
these genes on to the next generation
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How can this be of adaptive value?
Belding ground squirrel
Examples of Altruistic Behaviors
 In social insects such as bees, only the queen
bee and her mate reproduce.
 A female chimp often mates with several
males in a group because they are all related
and share genes in common.
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Mating & parental behavior
 Genetic influences

changes in behavior at different stages
of mating
 pair bonding
 competitor aggression
 Environmental influences

modifies behavior
 quality of diet
 social interactions
 learning opportunities
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Social Behavior & Reproduction
 __________________________________________________________________

has favored mechanisms that promote successful reproduction.
Behavior is thus adaptive—behavioral traits can evolve.
 ____________________________________________ competition among
males has contributed to the evolution of large
____________________________________________, brilliant breeding
____________________________________________, antlers, etc.
 Known as ____________________________________________
__________and the traits are called secondary sexual characteristics.
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Social Behavior & Reproduction
 Courtship rituals may be long and elaborate.
 May serve as a sign signal to trigger nest


building and ovulation.
Male spiders offer food.
Female praying mantis eats head of male
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Behavior: Nature or Nurture?
 Behavior is also shaped by
____________________________________________ influences
(____________________________________________).
 Studies of human twins have been used to help determine to what
extent behavior is inherited.
 Identical twins come from a single
____________________________________________. Fraternal twins
are derived from two different fertilized eggs.
 Fraternal twins, even when raised together, do not have similar
behaviors.
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 Identical twins raised separately are

sometimes very similar; for example,
the German twins raised in Germany
and the Caribbean both liked sweet
liqueurs, stored rubber bands on their
wrists, read magazines from back to
front, dipped buttered toast in their
coffee, and had similar personalities.
Data seems to show that about 50% in
human personality traits are due to
polygenic inheritance and 50% are due
to environmental influences.
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Any
Questions??
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