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Psychological Disorders http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RK8zaVYrsPI (2:08-) HW of the week 3/24-3/28 Monday Tuesday Ch 15 p.620-626 Block day Ch 15 p.612-620 Ch 15 p.627-633 Study for vocab quiz and free response Friday Ch 15 p.634-642 ½ Last day to take ch 14 test Agenda, Monday 3/24 Project Unit introduction Perspectives on psych disorders Abnormal Psychology Research Project Research and explain one psychological disorder* to class (*see signup sheet and outline for a list) Due: next Tuesday and block day Maximum TWO people per topic 5-10 min presentation Include info on: definition, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, case study etc You will have this block day and half of next Monday to work on/rehearse project Sign up for your project by Block day morning. Topics are first-come, first-serve. Presentations order is as listed in signup sheet Project outline & rubric Read through them both Question & Concerns? “Most people have problems from time to time but are not mentally ill.” Prevalence Approximately 48% of adults experience symptoms at least once in their lives Approximately 80% who experienced symptoms per year do NOT seek treatment A Matter of Degree Determining Abnormality Three Criteria: ATYPICAL/DEVIANT BEHAVIOR unusual behavior that is also disturbing to the values or beliefs of others is likely to be considered deviant. DISTRESSING such as in depression or debilitating anxiety DYSFUNCTIONAL/HARMFUL Often it is a matter of degree. Ex. Drinking alcohol until no longer able to function well at home or work • Watch “strange addiction” (chalk) Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder in which a behavior is judged to be: deviant--not enough in itself and varies with time and culture distressful dysfunctional Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Individual: One’s own sense of personal wellbeing determines normality. Society: Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to the existing social order. Mental-health professional: Personality and degree of personal discomfort and life functioning determine normality. Psychological Disorders . 1. There are 450 million people suffering from psychological disorders (WHO, 2004). 2. Depression and schizophrenia exist in all cultures of the world. Classification of Behavior Difficult to define Causes and cures are rarely obvious or clear-cut Must be ongoing Use DSM-IV Historical Perspective Perceived Causes movements of sun or moon lunacy--full moon evil spirits Ancient Treatments Trephination, exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, or transfused with animal’s blood. Trephination (boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces) Ignorance (thinking demon possession as cause of mental disorders) led to harsh and ineffective remedial treatments Medical Perspective Explains that madness is not due to demonic possession, but an ailment of the mind. George Wesley Bellows, Dancer in a Madhouse, 1907. © 1997 The Art Institute of Chicago Dance in the madhouse. Medical Model Medical models gained momentum when physicians discovered that syphilis infection led to mental disorders Criticism on Medical model Neglects importance of social circumstance and psychological factors (e.g., anorexia in the West) Biopsychosocial Perspective Assumes that biological, socio-cultural, and psychological factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders. Classifying Psychological Disorders The American Psychiatric Association (APA) rendered a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to describe psychological disorders. The most recent edition is DSM-5 (2013) DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) 2000 Standard classification of mental disorders Diagnostic Criteria- Essential and associated features that must be present for the patient to be given a diagnostic label Disorder Categories Youth: Infancy, Childhood, & Adolescence Delirium, Dementia, and other Cognitive Disorders Substance-Related Schizophrenia & other Psychotic Disorders Mood Anxiety Dissociative Sexual Eating Sleep Impulse Control Multiaxial Classification All except mental retardation and personality Axis I disorder Axis II Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation General Medical Condition (diabetes, Axis III hypertension or arthritis etc) Psychosocial or Environmental factors Axis IV (school or housing issues) Axis V Global Assessment http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oif3xDj lV5I Goals of DSM 1. 2. Describe (approx 300) disorders. Determine how prevalent the disorder is. DSM is uses observable symptoms so different professionals will give similar diagnosis (reliable). Others criticize DSM for “putting any kind of behavior within the compass of psychiatry.” *childhood bipolar disorder Labeling Psychological Disorders Critics of the DSM-IV argue that labels may stigmatize individuals. David Rosenhan: PseudoPatient Experiment Investigated reliability of psychiatric diagnoses 8 healthy people were admitted to psychiatric hospitals when complained of hearing voices http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6bmZ8cV B4o http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eO5r9ms8myI Rosenhan: Results Staff treated patients as if they were really ill Staff noted “abnormal” symptoms Kept patients for an average of 19 days Discharged with diagnosis of “schizophrenia in remission” Rosenhan: Nonexistent Impostor Experiment Told hospital staff to expect pseudo-patients (“impostors”) No pseudo-patients were actually sent, but staff identified 41 anyway (these were, in fact, real patients) Rosenhan study conclusion "it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals" illustrated the dangers of dehumanization and labeling in psychiatric institutions. Rosenhan: Implications Psychiatrists disputed the results Prompted changes in psychiatric diagnosis The DSM-IV Labeling Psychological Disorders Labels may be helpful for healthcare professionals when communicating with one another and establishing therapy. Agenda Tuesday 3/25 Perspectives Learning Biological/evolutionary Social-cognitive Signup for project topic The Learning Perspective Learning theorists believe anxiety disorder to be a product of: John Coletti/ Stock, Boston Fear conditioning Stimulus generalization Reinforcement Observational learning The Learning Perspective Stimulus Generalization tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. e.g., if a child has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, the child will exhibit fear of similar objects The Learning Perspective Reinforcement reinforcement helps maintain phobias and compulsions Avoid/escape the feared situation => reduces anxiety => more of same behavior The Learning Perspective Young monkeys develop fear when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes. Parents transmit their fears to their children. http://psychcentral.com/news/2007/03/16/howfear-is-learned/691.html The Biological Perspective Natural Selection (evolution) has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes spiders, and other animals. People didn’t develop lasting fear of overhead planes after WWII Calbin Pott says depression served as adaptive function by slowing people down and prevent engaging in life-threatening behaviors The Biological Perspective General anxiety, panic attacks, obsessions are biologically measurable (= overarousal of brain areas involved in impulse control and habits) Anterior Cingulate Cortex of an OCD patient. Biological Perspective Genetic Influences: Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. Jerry Irwin Photography Neurotransmitters & Depression A reduction of norepinephrine and serotonin has been found in depression. Pre-synaptic Neuron Norepinephrine Drugs that alleviate mania reduce norepinephrine. Serotonin Post-synaptic Neuron Social-Cognitive Perspective • Emotional disturbance comes from selfblame (learned helplessness) and overgeneralized explanations (pessimism). “I didn’t get the job because I’m stupid and inept” vs. “I didn’t get the job because the interview didn’t go well” Example Explanatory style plays a major role in becoming depressed. Cognitive Bases for Depression A.T. Beck: depressed people hold pessimistic views of themselves the world the future Depressed people distort in negative ways exaggerate bad experiences minimize good experiences Selection time! Definition of some disorders Depression Cycle Hopelessness changes the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection. Seasonal affective disorder a type of depression that occurs at the same time every year. If you're like most people with seasonal affective disorder, your symptoms start in the fall and may continue into the winter months, sapping your energy and making you feel moody. Psychosomatic vs. Somatoform psychosomatic: patient's mental issues causes real physical illness. e.g., high blood pressure, limp somatoform: group of mental disorders in which people have subjective feelings of illness that are seemingly untestable by medical means Conversion Disorder Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic specific disability has no physical cause but instead seems related to psychological problems. Hypochondriasis A somatoform disorder in which a person interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of serious illness in the absence of any organic evidence of such illness. Kleptomania irresistible urge to steal items that you generally don't really need and that usually have little value. Munchausen (MOON-chow-zun) syndrome someone with a deep need for attention pretends to be sick or gets sick or injured on purpose. People with Munchausen syndrome may make up symptoms, push for risky operations, or try to rig laboratory test results to try to win sympathy and concern. Histrionic personality disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of attention seeking behavior and extreme emotionality. Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the center of attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when they are not. Project Decide, sign up. Agenda, Block day 3/26-27 • Computer lab research day • Project due next block day • 2, 4th period: room 526 • 1st period: room 209 • Vocab quiz, writing prompt on Friday Homework of week 3/31-4/4 • • • • • Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday