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Introductory Psychology Concepts
Classical Conditioning
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning: the association of two stimuli
in the environment.
Does the mere sight of the
golden arches in front of
McDonald’s makes you feel
pangs of hunger and think
about hamburgers?
If it does, you are displaying an
elementary form of learning
called classical conditioning.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
+ Russian physiologist, never intended to do psychological
research.
+ Won the Nobel Prize for his work on digestion (1904).
+ Remembered for his experiments on basic learning process,
not for his experiments on physiology.
Ivan Pavlov (center)
developed the
principles of classical
conditioning.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927)
Before conditioning, the ringing of a bell does not bring about salivation—
making the bell a neutral stimulus.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927)
In contrast, meat naturally brings about salivation, making the meat an
unconditioned stimulus and salivation an unconditioned response.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927)
During conditioning, the bell is rung just before the presentation of the meat.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Classic Experiment: Salivating Dogs (1927)
Eventually, the ringing of the bell alone brings about salivation.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response
without having been learned.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response
without having been learned.
UCR: Unconditioned Response
A response that is natural and needs no training.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response
without having been learned.
UCR: Unconditioned Response
A response that is natural and needs no training.
CS: Conditioned Stimulus
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an
unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly
caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Paradigm
UCS: Unconditioned Stimulus
A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response
without having been learned.
UCR: Unconditioned Response
A response that is natural and needs no training.
CS: Conditioned Stimulus
A once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with an
unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly
caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
CR: Conditioned Response
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral
stimulus.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Laws of Learning
Acquisition
(conditioned response and
unconditioned response
presented together)
Strength of Conditioned
Response (CR)
STRONG
WEAK
Training
CS alone
TIME
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pause
Spontaneous recovery
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Laws of Learning
Extinction (conditioned stimulus by itself)
A basic phenomenon of learning that occurs
when a previously conditioned response
decreases in frequency and eventually
disappears.
Acquisition
Strength of Conditioned
Response (CR)
STRONG
WEAK
Training
CS alone
TIME
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pause
Spontaneous recovery
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Laws of Learning
Acquisition
Extinction
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an
extinguished conditioned
response after a period of rest
and with no further
conditioning.
Strength of Conditioned
Response (CR)
STRONG
WEAK
Spontaneous recovery
of conditioned response
Extinction follows
(conditioned
stimulus alone)
Training
CS alone
TIME
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Pause
Spontaneous recovery
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Applied Classical Conditioning
Watson and “Little Albert”
(1920) John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner set out to obtain
evidence that fear could be conditioned.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Applied Classical Conditioning
Conditioned Taste Aversion
+ If every time you ate peanuts you had an upset stomach
several hours later, you would eventually learn to avoid
peanuts, despite the time-lapse between the stimulus of
peanuts and response of getting ill.
+ In fact, you might develop a conditioned taste aversion, so that
peanuts no longer even tasted good to you.
+ Taste aversion can also occur with a single incident—you get
the flu after eating a burrito and so don’t want to eat them
again.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Introductory Psychology Concepts : Classical Conditioning
Applied Classical Conditioning
Biological Preparedness
+ Organisms that ingest unpalatable foods are likely to avoid
similar foods in the future, making their survival more likely.
(Steinmetz, Kim, & Thompson, 2003; Cox et al., 2004).
Because of prior experience with meat that had been laced with
mild poison, this coyote does not obey its natural instincts and
ignores what would otherwise be a tasty meal.
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© 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.