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Classical
Conditioning I
Classical
Conditioning II
Operant
Conditioning
Schedules of
Reinforcement
/Contingency
Other forms of
learning
Anything
Goes!
Classical
Conditioning I
Classical
Conditioning II
Operant
Conditioning
Schedules of
Reinforcement/Co
ntingency
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$200
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Other forms of
Learning
Anything Goes
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A stimulus that triggers
a response
automatically and
reflexively
Unconditioned
stimulus
For the dogs in
Pavlov’s experiment,
the response to the
meat before learning
(element of CC)
Unconditioned
response
Flinching in our class
example (element of
CC)
Conditioned response
What is a neutral
stimulus?
Irrelevant before
learning; Becomes the
CS after learning
How can we test if
acquisition has
occurred?
Present the CS (that was easy)
without presenting the US
(air gun); If they flinch,
they’ve learned, if not, then
they haven’t!
The diminishing of a
learned response
Extinction
Process in which an
organism produces the
same response to two
similar stimuli
Generalization
Process in which an
organism produces
two different
responses to two
similar stimuli
Discrimination
What was Rescorla’s
contribution to classical
conditioning?
Said that cognition is
important; Organism needs
to determine whether the
CS (that was easy) is a
reliable indicator of the US
(air gun)
What is second-order
conditioning?
Aka higher order/level
conditioning; When an existing
CS (Bell) is paired with a new
stimulus (light) to produce a new
conditioned response (salivate
when see light)
Reinforcement is anything
that _________ the
likelihood of a behavior
Increases
Taking an Advil to get rid of a
headache is what type of
reinforcement?
Negative
Who is the author of
the law of effect?
Edward Thorndike
Doing an extra assignment
means you will get extra credit,
which means you will get a
better grade. What type of
reinforcement is the EC?
Secondary (this is
LEARNED)
What is the
overjustification
effect?
The effect of promising a reward for
doing what someone already likes to do
The reward may lessen and replace the
person’s original, natural motivation, so
that the behavior stops if the reward is
eliminated
When a reward follows
every correct response
Continuous
reinforcement
Rewards the first correct
response after some
defined period of time
Fixed-Interval
Rewards a response after
an unpredictable number
of correct responses
Variable-Ratio
A pigeon getting 1
food pellet for every
20 pecks
Fixed-ratio schedule
The schedule most
resistant to extinction
(also called a gambler’s
schedule)
Variable-Ratio
Ran the Bobo doll
experiment
Albert Bandura
Another name for
observational learning
Social learning
theory
A learned mental
image of a spatial
environment that may
be called on to solve
problems
Cognitive map
Learning that occurs
rapidly as a result of
understanding all the
elements of a problem
Insight
Learning that is stored
internally but not yet
reflected in behavior
Latent learning
In what forms of learning
do you see generalization
and discrimination?
Classical AND operant
What were the results
of the BoBo doll
experiment?
Regardless of which condition
the subjects were exposed to,
all acted more violently after
watching the model act
aggressively towards the Bobo
doll
What are the elements of
Watson’s classical
conditioning experiment
with Little Albert?
US: Loud noise
CS: Rat
UR: Cry
CR: Cry
What is learned
helplessness?
Failure to take steps or to
avoid/escape from an
unpleasant stimulus that occur
because of previous encounters
with unavoidable situations
(think dog experiment!)
In order to be effective,
what conditions must
punishment meet?
Swift, sufficient, consistent