Download CHAPTER 6: LEARNING

Chapter 6
LEARNING
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Chapter 6
Classical Conditioning
 When you see this word what comes to mind..
 “SASQUATCH”
 Jack’s Link Beef Jerky is associated with
Sasquatch
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Chapter 6
LEARNING
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 Simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls
forth the response that is usually called forth by
another stimulus
 This occurs when the two stimuli have been
associated with each other
Chapter 6
The Office & Classical Conditioning
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Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
IMPORTANT TERMS
Terms that are important in understanding
classical conditioning:
 Unconditioned stimulus (US) – a stimulus that
causes a response that is automatic, not learned
 Unconditioned response (UR) – the response
that is automatic, not learned
Section 1: Classical Conditioning
Question: What are the principles of classical conditioning?
IMPORTANT TERMS (continued)
 Conditioned Response (CR) – a learned
response to a stimulus that was previously
neutral or meaningless
 Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a previously
neutral stimulus that, because of pairing with
an unconditioned stimulus, now causes a
conditioned response
Chapter 6
Pavlov
 UCS – What naturally causes the stimulation?
(FOOD)
 UCR –What naturally responds to the
stimulation? (SALIVATION)
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Chapter 6
Pavlov
 CS – What stimulus now causes a response?
 This is now learned? (TUNING FORK)
 CR – How does it respond to the new,
conditioned stimulus? (SALIVATION)
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Chapter 6
PAVLOV
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Chapter 6
CC in the Real World (Application)
 Advertisements
 Marlboro Man – association with rugged man
 Bikini Model and a Beer – association with beer
and girl
 Da Da Da Da Daaaa….I’m Lovin It!
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Chapter 6
Stores use Classical Conditioning
 UCS (music - popular tune)
 UCR (positive emotion)
 CS (product) + UCS (popular tune) --> UCR
(positive emotion)
 CS (product) --> CR (positive emotion)
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Chapter 6
Baby Albert
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Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning
applied?
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
OPERANT CONDITIONING
 Offering of rewards – being positively
reinforced
 Shaping – a way of teaching complex
behaviors in which one first reinforces small
steps in the right direction
Chapter 6
Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect
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Section 2: Operant Conditioning
Question: How are the principles of operant conditioning
applied?
APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
OPERANT CONDITIONING (continued)
 Programmed Learning – assumes that any task
can be broken down into small steps that can
be shaped individually and combined to form
the more complicated whole
 Classroom discipline – using principles of
learning to change classroom behavior
Chapter 6
Skinner - OC
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Chapter 6
OC
 Positive Reinforcement – increase a behavior
(smile, money, “I appreciate you”)
 Negative Reinforcement – removing an
aversive stimulus (removing the chimes by
putting on your seatbelt)
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Chapter 6
OC
 Primary Reinforcement– meets a biological
need (air/food/water)
 Secondary –reinforcers that are learned
(money, good grades)
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Chapter 6
Skinner
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Section 3: Cognitive Factors in Learning
Question: What are the cognitive factors in learning?
COGNITIVE FACTORS IN LEARNING
 Latent learning – learning that remains hidden
until it is needed
 Observational learning – acquiring knowledge
and skills by observing and imitating others
Chapter 6
Bo-Bo Doll Experiment
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Chapter 6
Cognitive Maps
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Chapter 6
Cognitive Maps
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Section 4: The PQ4R Method: Learning to Learn
Question: What are the steps of the PQ4R method of
learning?
STEPS OF THE PQ4R METHOD OF LEARNING
 PREVIEW – getting a general picture of what is covered
before reading a chapter
 QUESTION – something in particular that we want to
learn
 READ – reading the material with the purpose of finding
answers
 REFLECT – an important way to understand and
remember the material read