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Chapter 16
Lecture Outline
The War Of The
Union
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Slavery and the Civil War
The End of the Waiting Game
• Lincoln’s Inauguration
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Civil War began
Promised to not interfere where slavery existed
Wanted to preserve Union
Appointed closest competitor’s for cabinet
• The Fall of Fort Sumter
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Fed. fort in SC claimed possession of all fed. property
Lincoln would not allow it
Under siege by Confederate forces
1st shots of Civil War fired, Confederacy won
The End of the Waiting Game
• The Causes of War
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Secession necessary
Protect state rights guaranteed under Constitution
Disproportion of tariffs on South
Retain slavery
Allow slavery into new territories
• Taking Sides
– Lincoln ordered blockade of southern coast (Supreme
Ct. view it as form of war declaration)
– VA, TN, NC, and AK secede
– DE, MD, MO, and KT remain un Union
The End of the Waiting Game
The End of the Waiting Game
• Choosing Sides
– Robert E. Lee of VA asked to lead Federal army vs.
Confederacy
– Refused
– VA came before Union
The Balance of Force
• Regional Advantages
– North outnumbered south with manufacturing
• Greater population
– South was farming
• Fought defensive war: called for fewer supplies
and soldiers
The War’s Early Course
• The Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
– Federal forces defeated
– Confederates did not give up
– Outcome disproved belief that war would be over in 1
decisive victory for either side
• The War’s Early Phase
– South h hoped to win enough battles to gain foreign
support
– Lincoln adopted strategy: 3-pronged assault
• Divide it and defeat each section
The War’s Early Course
• Confederate Diplomacy
– Needed foreign support
– Hoped to secure French recognition
• Agreed so as long as GB would join
• GB would not under strict pressure from US
• Forming Armies
– Both relied on recruits
– By 1862, initiated by the Confederacy, started an
involuntary draft, and the Union did the same
– $677 to new recruits, $777 to veteran soldiers, and
$15 to anyone who brought in a recruit.
The War’s Early Course
• Blacks in the South
– Thought war was about freeing them
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Worked less
Hard to drive
Did very little work
Helped while masters were away at war
Served as spies for the Union
• The West and the Civil War
– West rapidly populating
– ID, NV, AZ, and MT added to Union
The War’s Early Course
• Fighting in the Western Theater
– Confederate Gn. Albert S. Johnson defeated by Union
Gn. Ulysses S. Grant
• Shiloh
– TN-MI border
– Johnson attacked Grant’s forces and almost defeated
them
– Johnson was killed and forces fell apart
– Grant counterattacked next day
– Rebel forces withdrew
The War’s Early Course
The War’s Early Course
• McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign
– Lincoln chose Gn. George McClellan
– Goal to get to Confederate capitol of Richmond
– Falls 60 miles short
– Lee and forces defended capitol
– Henry Halleck back in command
• Second Bull Run (Second Manassas)
– Lee attacked Union forces before Halleck arrived
– Confederate victory
• Union went back to Washington, D.C.
• Lincoln reinstates McClellan
The War’s Early Course
The War’s Early Course
• Slaves in the War
– What to do with newly “liberated” slaves
– 1862 Lincoln and cabinet began discussion on a
permanent solution to slave issue
• Antietam (Sharpsburg, MD)
– Lee’s invasion of Union proved successful
– Strategy was discovered by Union and plan given to
McClellan
– McLellan and Lee met at the Antietam Creek
– Bloodiest war
– Union victory only b/c Lee retreated
Antietam
• Antietam was TURNING POINT OF WAR
• Union could claim as victory
• Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation
- Freed all slaves in Confederate states.
- Destroyed any chance the South had at
foreign recognition.
The War’s Early Course
The War’s Early Course
• Fredericksburg, VA
– Lincoln placed Gn. Ambrose Burnside in command
– Pursued Lee to town of Fredericksburg
– Suffered 2x as many casualties as the Rebel forces
Emancipation
• Reactions to Emancipation
– Lincoln turned war into a war of liberation for the
slaves
– Foreign recognition denied ( as France and England
abolishes slavery years prior)
– Encouraged enslaved to be less willing to help
masters
– Did not extend to any Confederate lands that at time
were under Union forces but slaves still proclaimed
freedom anyway
Emancipation
• Blacks in the Military
– African Americans in North were organize into allblack military units led by white officers
– War changed to preserve the Union to liberation of
slaves in the South
The War behind the Lines
• Women and the War
– In North over 20k women served as nurses or other
health-related volunteers
– Both sides took over jobs and roles that men typically
did but were at war
• Religion and the Civil War
– Both thought were fighting holy war
– Chaplains to soldiers
Government during the War
• Union Finances
– Union taxed, borrowed, and printed moneu
– 1862 Congress would pass the 1st-ever income tax
• Confederate Finances
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Property tax but relied on individual states to collect it
1863 govt. placed taxes on everything
Printed money with no control over it
Inflation was high
Government during the War
• Union Politics and Civil Liberties
– Lincoln found himself battling Radical Republicans
who wanted drastic changes to the South
– Democrats wanted to get the Union back
• Confederate Politics
– Lincoln was troubled in the beginning for re-election
– Union victories by admiral David Farragut and Gn.
William Tecumseh Sherman got Lincoln re-elected
– Confederate experienced election of their own
• Jefferson and Davis remained as the Pres. and VP
• Enjoyed 6-year term
The Faltering Confederacy
• Chancellorsville, VA
– Gn. Joseph Hooker led Union
– Lee defeated troops even though he was
outnumbered
– Lee’s best Gn., Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson got shot
by own man
• Vicksburg
– Grant wanted to secure city
– capturing it would cut South in half
The Faltering Confederacy
• Gettysburg
– Lee invaded PN
– Both armies met at Gettysburg
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July 1-3, 1863
Lee ordered Gn. Pickett to charge and secure them
Charge was across large, open land
Pickett’s troops were stopped quickly
Lee withdrew from North
– Never to invade again
The Faltering Confederacy
The Faltering Confederacy
• Chattanooga
– Lincoln secures his Gn.
– Grant takes over and gets victory
– Lincoln would promote Grant to Lt. Gn.
• Made him Gn. in chief of all Federal forces
The Confederacy’s Defeat
• Grant’s Pursuit of Lee
– Planned to constantly attack Lee’s forces and
wear them down
– Battle of Wilderness
• Grant engaged Lee’s forces and continued to
attack
• Lee retreated to Petersburg where Grant placed
Rebel forces under siege
The Confederacy’s Defeat
The Confederacy’s Defeat
• Sherman’s March
– When Grant left out od West, left Gn. William
Tecumseh Sherman in charge
– Sherman marched toward ATL, GA destroying
everything in the way
– Union victory
– Intention was to destroy South’s ability to fight
by attacking people and destructing farms and
crops
The Confederacy’s Defeat
The Confederacy’s Defeat
• Appomattox
– Leaving Petersburg in Spring of 1865, Lee
tried to escape Grant’s pursuing forces
– Lee could not escape
– Surrendered to Grant
A Modern War
• Unprecedented scope and scale
– 1st modern war
– 1st armored ships
– Riffled cannons
– Set stage for future world wars
This concludes the lecture
PowerPoint Presentation for
Chapter 16
The War Of The Union
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