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Chapter 6 Groups And Organizations Key Terms dyad Group consisting of two people. triad Group consisting of three people. group size effects Effects of group number on group behavior. triadic segregation The tendency for triads to segregate into a coalition of the dyad against the isolate. primary groups Groups consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships. secondary groups Groups with large membership, less intimate, and less long lasting. reference groups Serve as a standard for evaluating values, attitudes, and behaviors. attribution theory Individuals generate a significantly distorted perception of the motives and capabilities of other people's acts based on whether the person is an in-group or an out-group member. social network A set of links between individuals or between other social units. Networks based on race, class, and gender form with particular readiness, especially job networks. status generalizations Term used when the status hierarchy in a society has a measurable effect on behavior within a closed group. groupthink The tendency for group members to reach a consensus opinion, even if that decision is downright stupid. risky shift The tendency for groups to weigh risk differently than individuals. formal organization A large secondary group, highly organized to accomplish a complex task or tasks and to achieve goals in an efficient manner. normative organizations Voluntary organizations, such as clubs, political parties and advocacy organizations. coercive organizations Organizations cut off from the rest of society where individuals are subjected to strict social control. utilitarian organizations Large organizations that are joined by individuals for specific purposes, such as monetary reward. bureaucracy A type of formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality.