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Social Psychology Social Psychology Study of an individuals’ behaviors, thoughts and feelings in social situations Social psychologists examine: 1) Influence of a person on a group 2) Influence of a group on individual 3) Effect of social situations on “selfconcept” 4) Social interactions 5) Social attitudes and changing attitudes. RACISM AND PREJUDICE Racism: a person who is racist believes that their race is superior to all other races. Prejudice: a judgment or opinion that is made before the facts are known. Stereotypes Stereotype: a generalization about a person or group of people. Our society perpetuates stereotypes which leads to unfair and unjust treatment and judgments of people. Stereotypes are present in modern media such as: television, comic strips, books, and movies. Homework: watch television and write down 10 stereotypes you witness on the show or commercials. DISCRIMINATION Discrimination: judging a person or group based on stereotypes and then treating them differently because of those stereotypes. What a Doll Tells Us About Race In the 1940’s the nation was captivated by an experiment by sociologists Kenneth and Mamie Clark. They asked African American children about two dolls, one white and one black. The Baby Doll Experiment 63% of the children said they would rather play with the white doll. Most said the white doll was nicer than the black doll. 44% of the children said the white doll looked most like them. What about today? In a re-creation of the original experiment, 19 children were asked the same questions. 88% of the children identified with the African American baby dolls. 42% preferred to play with the black dolls. Brown v. The Board of Education The Clarks testified as expert witnesses in the case. Thurgood Marshall argued that the segregated schools could never be equal so long as black children were being taught that they were not good enough to go to school with the white children. Just World Phenomenon The Just World hypothesis refers to the need to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve. It gives people a sense of security and helps them to find meaning in difficult circumstances. Personal Space One of the issues that defines how people in different cultures greet each other is how touchy they are. Here is a scale of touch don’t touch: Don’t Touch Middle Ground Touch --------------------------------------------------------------------- Japan France Middle East United States China Latin Countries Canada Ireland Italy England India Greece Northern European Spain Australia Portugal Estonia Russia Personal Bubble Your personal space is like an invisible bubble that surrounds you. If people move inside this bubble when they are talking to you, it may make you feel uncomfortable. Everyone's personal space is different. How close you normally stand to someone else when you are talking to them will depend on who it is you are talking to, and under what circumstances. In our examples here, we will look at bubbles for people in everyday situations, such as at school or at work, where the people know each other fairly well. Facts about the personal bubble: The bubble is larger if you are talking to a stranger. The better you know the person you're talking to, the smaller the bubble may be. The bubble is usually larger for two men than for two women. The bubble may be very small for a man and a woman if they are in a relationship. The bubble may be larger than normal for a man and a woman who are strangers to each other. The bubble size may differ for different cultures. Disregarding the customs of touching might cause an international incident. On one occasion the queen was visiting Canada when the Provincial Transportation Minister touched the Queen while escorting her. Headlines read: “Hands Off Our Queen!” In England there is an unwritten rule that nobody touches the Queen. Even when shaking hands she must shake first. Seinfeld and the Close Talker But what makes you feel hostile toward “close talkers,” as the show “Seinfeld” dubbed people who get within necking distance of you when they speak? Or toward strangers who stand very near to you on line? Or toward people who take the bathroom stall next to yours when every other one is available? Southeast Asia In 1988 in Los Angeles, an entertainer from Thailand was convicted of second-degree murder. A patron of the Thai cabaret put his foot on a chair with the sole facing the singer. When the cabaret closed the singer followed the patron and shot him. Why? In Southeast Asia showing the sole of a shoe is a grievous insult. China -The Chinese do not touch a drink at dinner without proposing a toast to others. -The Chinese are very sensitive to problems of precedence at doorways. Failure to yield right of way could be interpreted as arrogance. Japan -To signal respect and attention to a person who is speaking the audience should close their eyes and slightly nod their heads. Social Cognition Impression Formation Integration of new and old information People in our past influence perception of new people Memory of Clown At 5th birthday party Meet “Funny” Person In college Influenced by: Primacy Effect Central Traits Social Schemas Perceive New “FunnyPerson” as a “Clown” Social Cognition Primacy Effect What do you remember most about a person after a first meeting? Are first impressions best? Description 1: Intelligent; industrious; impulsive; critical; stubborn; envious Description 2: Envious; stubborn; critical; impulsive; industrious; intelligent 80 Percent Recalled 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Position in List 5th 6th Social Cognition Central Traits “Core” personality traits Influence impression more than peripheral traits Central Traits Peripheral Traits Extraverted vs. Introverted Loud vs. Quiet Neurotic vs. Stable Happy vs. Sad Conscientious vs. Unreliable Punctual vs. Unorganized Level of Agreeableness Debatable vs. Conventional Warm. Vs Cold Polite vs. Blunt Social Cognition Social Schema Organized set of beliefs and concepts about a single person or a group of people Examples: Professor Schema, Police Schema; Gender Schema; Religious Schema Trait: ___________ Trait: ___________ Trait: ___________ Trait: ___________ Trait: ___________ Trait: ___________ Central Person: ____________ Trait: ___________ Social Cognition Stereotype Over-generalized schema that can lead to prejudice Self-fulfilling prophecy Schemas can cause people to behave in an “expected” manner Example: Project for the New American Century Social Cognition & Attributions Attribution Inference about the cause an action Is the action the result of intentions, or to the situation Dispositional factors (Internal attributions) Cause of an action is due to personality Situational factors (External attributions) Cause of a behavior is due to situation Social Cognition & Attributions Why is this guy running? What is causing his behavior? Social Cognition & Attributions And now? Social Cognition & Attributions External vs. internal attribution of our own behaviors Social Cognition & Attributions Belief in a just world effect Form of the FAE Erroneous belief that the world is unbiased Victim-Blaming When we’re a victim... Tend to blame the situation Example: “It’s the boss’ fault for catching me drinking, not because I was drinking.” Social Cognition & Attributions Actor-observer error Attribute behavior of others to internal causes Attribute our own behavior to external causes Self-serving bias We take credit for any and all of our successes We blame failures on external cause Social Cognition & Attributions Harold Kelley’s Theory of Attribution Situation/disposition attributions influenced by: (1) Consistency of a Behavior Does the individual behave this way always? (2) Distinctiveness of a Behavior Does the individual behave differently in different situations? (3) Consensus of a Behavior Do others behave similarly in this and other situations? All in all, why do you think humans prefer making dispositional attributions? Social Cognition & Attributions Harold Kelley’s Theory of Attribution Attitudes, Formation and Change What about external influences on us? Attitude Positive/negative evaluation of some-thing Affects behaviors toward and perceptions of the “thing” Changing attitudes (persuasion) can be difficult Attitudes, Formation and Change Factors influencing attitude changes (i.e., persuasion): Credibility of the source Attractiveness of the source Comparing and contrasting Do “scare tactics” and “Attack-ads” help? Cognitive Dissonance We desire consistency in attitudes, beliefs and behaviors Cognitive Dissonance Mental tension Powerful motivator for attitude change Cognitive Dissonance Dissonance depends on lack of sufficient justification for discrepancy Festinger & Carlsmith’s “boring study” Offered $1 To lie Male Subjects Performed Dull Task Not justified Offered $20 To lie Justified Provided True Liking Of Task After Lying