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Kingdom: Fungi Domain Eukarya Domain Eubacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya 2007-2008 Common ancestor General characteristics Classification criteria eukaryotes heterotrophs feed by absorption mostly multicellular except unicellular yeasts cell wall sexual & asexual reproduction So that’s 3 times AP Biology cell walls have evolved: bacteria, fungi, plants Fungal Structure Fungal body mycelium thread-like cells hyphae Cells multiple nuclei Cell wall chitin Many sugars + Nitrogen just like crab shells AP Biology Fungi live mostly underground AP Biology Internal structure Eukaryotic cells long, thread-like cells filamentous incomplete divisions between cells septum multiple nuclei Aaaaah, structure–function relationship! AP Biology chitin cell wall septum pore nuclei Modes of Nutrition Heterotrophic fungal hypha secrete digestive enzymes feed by absorption parasites feeding on living creatures plant cell predators membrane paralyzing prey decomposers breakdown dead remains AP Biology Fungi live IN their food! It’s like you living in Chocolate cake! plant cell wall plant cell Fungal Diversity AP Biology Fungi Ecological Roles Decomposers recycle nutrients Symbiotic Relationships lichen fungi + algae pioneer species in ecosystems makes soil from bare rock mycorrhizae Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture! fungi + plants live in & amongst plant roots enables plants to absorb more water & nutrients AP Biology Mycorrhizae Critical role in plant growth extends water & nutrient absorption of roots without mycorrhizae Endomycorrhiza AP Biology Ectomycorrhiza with mycorrhizae Reproduction Adult Review female meiosis male mitosis & maturation diploid 2n haploid (n) Gametes egg sperm Offspring fertilization mitosis & development AP Biology Zygote Fungi Reproduction Asexual budding in yeast Sexual spores spread by wind joining of + & – haploid spores haploid spores AP Biology Zygomycete (Bread Mold) Life Cycle spores (haploid) mating strain hypha sporangium MEIOSIS (2n) diploid AP Biology (n) haploid FUSION of + and – gametangia mating strain Basidiomycete Life Cycle gills lined with basidia fruiting body basidium (n + n) dikaryotic 2n (diploid) (n) haploid strain AP Biology FUSION of and hyphae strain zygote MEIOSIS spores Fairy Rings AP Biology Importance of fungi to humans Food production bread beer, wine Medicine production antibiotics penicillin AP Biology Dangerous Fungi Toxic to humans Amanita muscaria Psilocybin mushrooms Biological warfare AP Biology Baked into bread? Fungi and Plan Colombia Plan Colombia Attempts to stop drug smuggling from Colombia (both by the USA and Colombia) Idea: Spray parasitic fungi spores to destroy coca plants Fuscarium oxysporum Many varieties, some with a large host range See any problems with this solution? Mutated fungi could destroy tomato, peppers, corn... AP Biology Testing in the US as of 2005 Any Questions?? AP Biology