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THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION ► Religious reforms split western Christianity into Catholic and Protestant ► Why Reform? Popes corrupted by power & lose focus of spiritual leadership ► In the end the reformers, like Martin Luther, established their own religions Early Reform Movement ► Christian Humanists–wanted to reform Catholic Church Believed through reason, and studying the classics one could become more pious(Christ-like) Desiderius Erasmus (Catholic)– father of Christian Humanism ►Goal was to reform Church abuses from within Desiderius Erasmus MARTIN LUTHER ► Problems with Church Catholic Church believed salvation gained from faith + good work Luther thought faith alone gained salvation Indulgences –a release from all or part of sin ►Church selling indulgences–a HUGE abuse of Church power! Martin Luther ► Oct 31, 1517 – Posted 95 Theses on church door in Wittenburg, Germany Loudly critized the Church regarding the sale of indulgences ► Credited with starting the Protestant Reformation The Reformation Begins ► By Jan 1521 – Luther excommunicated ► Holy Roman Emperor (HRE) Charles V wanted Luther to recant (change) his ideas Luther refuses HRE issues the Edict of Worms ►makes Luther an outlaw Lutheranism ► First Protestant Faith ► Division of Christianity in Germany ► Germany in turmoil – Catholic? Lutheran? Solution ► Peace of Augsburg Issued by Charles V (HRE) Allowed German princes to choose their faith Protestantism Spreads - Zwingli ► Ulrich Zwingli Introduces Protestant Reforms in Zurich, Switzerland ►Banned all religious relics & images ►Whitewashed all church interiors Protestantism Spreads - Calvin ► John Calvin replaces Zwingli (killed in religious wars) ► Salvation through: Predestination-God had determined in advance who was saved and who was damned Luther did not agree ► 1536 – began a reformation in Geneva, Switz. Created a reformed church Used consistory (special body for enforcing moral discipline) Reformation in England ► Henry VIII – King of England ► Political, ► Act not religious motives for reform of Supremacy(1534) Established the Church of England King in control of religion Remained close to Catholic teachings The Church of England(Anglican) ► 1547 – Henry died ► Anglican Church becomes more Protestant under his 9 year old son, Edward VI ► 1553 ► His – Edward dies half-sister Mary (Catholic) takes throne She wants to restore Catholicism “Bloody Mary” The Catholic Reformation ► Protestantism Europe ► Church spreading rapidly through sees need for reform The Papacy ► Corruption addressed had to be ► Opened the Council of ► Revived the Inquisition Trent The Jesuits ► Most significant agent of Catholic reform ► Missionaries Convert former and nonCatholics ► Founded Loyola by Ignatius of Council of Trent ► Met over 18 year period (1545-63) ► Reaffirmed Catholic teaching Maintained salvation was gained through faith and good works Gave Catholic clear body of doctrine ► Opposition to Protestantism ► Banned indulgences!! The Inquisition ► Church’s way to suppress heresy ► Followed strictly in Spain, Portugal and Rome Anabaptists ► Not accepted by either Catholic or Protestant ► Considered ► Church dangerous radicals and state should be separate