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The
Protestant
Reformation
Causes of the Reformation?
 Church corruption:

Too involved in politics and not in religion

Misuse of money


Spent on war, art, monuments and the like
Church Offices

Simony – buy one

Pluralism – have more than one

Nepotism – give relatives one
 For a while there were 2 Popes
 Papal need for money  indulgences.
 Tetzel “As soon as a coin in the collection box rings.
Another soul from Purgatory springs.”
The
Holy Roman
Empire
in the 16c
A large area ruled
by an emperor. Not
really Holy, or
Roman.
Luther Gets the credit, but…
• Others had spoken out against the
church and its “theology”
• John Wycliffe in England against the
French Pope
• Jean Hus in ‘Czechoslovakia’
Luther
• Catholic monk.
• Studied the Bible
• “Justification by faith
alone”
• No need for anything else
• Disillusioned with the
church, but did he really
want to Re Form the
Church, or Reform the
Church?
• 95 Theses
The Spread of Lutheranism
"I would never have
thought that such a storm
would rise from Rome over
one simple scrap of
paper..." (Martin Luther)
Diet Of Worms
• Luther excommunicated
• HRE puts Luther on trial – Declared a
heretic.
• Why was he never caught?
– German Princes in the North protected and hid
him.
• Changes to Catholicism:
– No more relics, saints etc, confession,
indulgences
– Marriage of priests
– Services in German
• Why did people convert?
– Princes saw it as a way of gaining power
from RC Church
– It was a German faith
• Peasants saw these changes as a chance
to end feudal system…
The Peasant Revolt - 1525
•Did Luther support
the peasants?
•WHY?
•No Because he
never wanted the
changes that came
about, and this was
too much
Calvinism
• John Calvin in Geneva.
• Theocracy – religious
government
• Predestination – God
already knows who will be
saved – only those who
try to live truly Christian
lives could have been
chosen.
• Strict rules
No drinking, gambling, bright colors, dancing, swearing.
Instead hard work, discipline, honesty and morality
Protestant V Catholic
(not for the last time)
• Diet of Augsburg - to force Catholicism on
Holy Roman Empire (HRE)
• Led to war and Peace of Augsburg 1555
– 2 denominations RC and Lutheran
– “Cuius regio, eius religio” – He who rules the
land decides the religion.
• North becomes mainly Lutheran and South
stays Catholic.
English Reformation
• Lollards had begun the movement to
reform church under John Wycliffe
• Separation from RC came under
Henry VIII and his divorce issues.
Enjoy the story:
Henry VIII + Co
Catherine Aragon Daughter Mary
RC
- divorced
Anne Boleyn
Daughter Elizabeth P
- beheaded
Jane Seymour Son Edward Tudor P
- died
Anne Of Cleves
no children
– divorced
Katherine Howard no children
– beheaded
Catherine Parr
no children
– survived
What was the line of succession? Why?
The Anglican Church
• New Church founded by Thomas Cranmer and
Thomas Cromwell
• Act of Supremacy made Henry the only
supreme head on earth of the Church in
England.
• Catholics could not accept it. WHY?
– Replaced the Pope!
– Thomas More (King’s friend and advisor)
executed
• Henry VIII took Catholic lands and sold
them (including those in Ireland)
The Rest of the Tudors
• Edward VI – Crowned age 9. Devout P.
– Thomas Cranmer writes Anglican Bible
Book of Common Prayer
• Determined to end RC influence in his
realm.
• Dies young with no heir fortunately or
we might have had Bloody Edward!
• Mary – Bloody. RC and angry.
• Tries to return England to RC and
persecutes the rest!
• Dies with no heir
Elizabeth I
• Recognizes the issues of religion
but wants a strong united country.
• She compromises!
• Act of Supremacy reinstated but
with concessions to Catholicism
The “OREO” church
Protestant inside and Catholic
outside!
• Act of Uniformity – one church any Catholic behavior was treason
• Book of Common Prayer reinstated!
• While all these professed Anti
Catholicism, there was very little
persecution as long as the
offenders were discreet
Counter Reformation
“Empire Strikes Back”
• Council of Trent - almost 20 years of meetings
to sort out the issues raised by Protestantism
•
•
•
•
Index of Forbidden Books
Reaffirmed traditional Catholicism
Relics, saints, images, good works all accepted
Inquisition – Witches and Jews!
• Society of Jesus, 1540
– Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
– 3 “SHUNS”
– Educa-shun were they successful? Support your answer
– Preven-shun were they successful? Support your answer
– Conver-shun were they successful? Support your answer