Download 2016Reformation

The Reformation and Counter
Reformation
Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII and the
Popes
Purgatory
• "a state of final purification after death and
before entrance into heaven for those who
died in God's friendship, but were only
imperfectly purified; a final cleansing of
human imperfection before one is able to
enter the joy of heaven." (Catechism of the
Catholic Church [CCC] Page 896).
Martin Luther
• 95 Theses protesting the sale of
indulgences
• Luther's speech at the Diet of Worms
• Tetzel's tactics
Selected theses, Martin Luther,
October 31, 1517
• 21. Thus those preachers of indulgences are in
error who say that by the indulgences of the Pope
a man is freed and saved from all punishment.
• 24. Hence, the greater part of the people must
needs be deceived by this indiscriminate and
high-sounding promise of release from penalties.
• 32. Those who believe that, through letters of
pardon, they are made sure of their own salvation
will be eternally damned along with their
teachers....
• 43. Christians should be taught that he who gives
to a poor man, or lends to a needy man, does
better than if he bought pardons. .
A list of things he thought were
wrong with the Catholic Church (95
Complaints)
He criticized:
The Power of the Pope
The Extreme Wealth of the
Church
Sale of Indulgences (Idea that
you could buy your way out of
consequences of sin)
Luther’s Major ideas:
• You are saved because of your faith in
God alone, not because of attaining
sacraments or performing good works (like
indulgences). (Justification by Faith)
• Bible is sole authority on God’s will (sola
Scripta)
• “Priesthood of all believers” – all men and
women have access to God through faith
without need of priests
And then….
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1517
Ideas spread by the Printing Press
Excommunicated 1521
Translates the Bible into German
languages
• Followers called Lutherans
He was the Pope during the
height of the corruption
Impacts of Reformation
1. War in the Holy Roman Empire
• HRE Charles V wants to keep German
states Catholic
• Many German Princes want independence
and reform
• War 1520’s – 1555
• Schmalkaldic League – Lutheran Princes
and their armies fight Charles V and the
Pope
The Truce
• Peace of Augsburg – each German
prince can determine the religion of the
people in his land.
• Is this religious freedom?
2. Split of Europe – Protestant
North and Catholic South
3. New Protestant denominations
(styles of churches)
• Zwinglism
• Calvinism
• Anglicanism – King of England is head of
the Church of England
• Anabaptists
Lastly, Reform of the Catholic Church –
Counter Reformation!
Zwinglism
• Ulrich Zwingli
• Accepted idea of Justification by Faith and
Sola Scripta
• Rejected both Trans and consubstantiation
in the Marburg Colloquy with Luther
– Symbolic Lord’s Supper only
• Music, veneration of Saints abolished.
Paintings, relics, and statues are idolatry
(precursor to Calvinism)
• Zurich – city council enforces church
doctrine
Major ideas:
•Sola Scripta
•Predestination – god has already chosen who
will be saved and who won’t be
Followers called:
•Huguenots (France)
•Puritans (England) - Tried to rid or “purify”
the Protestant church of shows of wealth and
rituals
•Presbyterians (Scotland)
Influences
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Geneva – Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Institutes of the Christian Religion – TULIP
Vice Laws
Excommunication
Henry VIII & Anglicanism (The
Church of England)
• At first defended Catholicism against Luther –
“Defender of the Faith”
• 1527 – Wants a divorce
• Wife has powerful relatives – dissuade the pope
• Henry breaks with Catholicism
• Parliament creates Act of Supremacy making
Henry, not Pope, head of the English Church
• All must swear allegiance or be arrested.
• Henry takes land back from church and breaks
up monasteries
Creates religious conflict in
England
• Mary Tudor “Bloody Mary” – antiProtestant
• Elizabeth Tudor – Protestant – tried to
create a compromise to avoid further
conflict.
4. Catholic Counter Reformation
• Catholic leaders agree to reforms to
prevent further conversions to
Protestantism
• Ignatius of Loyola & the Jesuits – How did
they contribute to church reform?
• Council of Trent
• What did they change about the way
Catholicism was practiced?
• What stayed the same?
Anabaptists
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Adult baptism
Separation of church and state
Anti-war
Some women leaders but mostly men
Community property
Precursors of
• Amish (Mennonites)
• Quakers
• Baptists