Download Protestant Reformation - Fort Thomas Independent Schools

Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation
• The splintering of Roman Catholicism into
other Christian faiths
Factors leading to Protestant
Reformation
Criticisms by writers during the Middle Ages
• 1380s: John Wycliff criticized the Church’s
wealth, corruption among the clergy, the
pope’s claim to absolute authority
• 1400s: Jan Hus led Czech religious reform in
the Holy Roman Empire; burned at the stake
Factors leading to Protestant
Reformation
• Political leaders (kings, princes) wanted more
power & money
• Business leaders wanted less restrictions
• Scholars began to read the Bible; many
disagreed with Church practices
The Beginning
• Early 1500s: Pope Leo X sought to raise money to
rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome; sold church
positions & indulgences
• Tetzel: promised peasants that indulgences would
relieve them of guilt for future sins
The Beginning
• 1517: German monk
Martin Luther nailed 95
Theses on church door
in Wittenberg (northern
Germany, HRE)
• Criticized simony,
indulgences, other
Church practices
The Beginning
• 1520 - 21: Pope excommunicated Luther,
banned his writings
Excommunication: kick out of church
Catholics thought the only way to heaven is through the church so
excommunication was ‘guarantee’ to go to hell
The Beginning
• Luther declared a heretic and outlaw; Frederick, Prince
of Saxony hid Luther
• Luther translated the New Testament into German,
developed Lutheranism
Heretic: one who public disagrees with accepted theory
or practices of Catholic Church
Vernacular: everyday language one speaks
Lutheranism vs Catholicism
Salvation
between God and the
individual
Sacrament
Rejected all
sacraments except
Baptism & communion
Practices
have to be based on
the Bible
by good works &
by priests
performing
sacraments on
faithful
Has seven
different
sacraments
are based on the
Pope, clergy &
the Bible
Peace of Augsberg
• 1546 – 1555: religious wars –
German princes wanted
independence from HRE
• Peace of Augsberg: ended
religious wars; allowed
princes to choose religion his
nation; Catholic Church only
recognized Lutheranism
The
Holy
Roman
Empire
in the 16c
Spread of Reformation
Switzerland
• mid-1500s: Calvin established
theocracy in Geneva
• Believed in predestination,
strict rules of living,
worshipping
• Democratic nature helped
Calvinism spread to France,
Netherlands, Scotland
Spread of Reformation
England
• 1527: King Henry VIII
petitioned the Pope for a
divorce Catherine of Aragon;
Pope refused
• 1534: Parliament passed the
Act of Supremacy
• Made king head of the English
Church (Church of England)
• King closed monasteries &
convents, seized Catholic
lands
The Anabaptists
• Believed that you must be able to choose
religion so child/baby baptism doesn’t count
• Don’t baptize until adults
• Persecuted by other Christians b/c they
believed if you died un-baptized you go to
hell
Dutch persecution of
Anabaptists
The Anabaptists
Reformation
Europe
(Late 16c)
Catholic (Counter)
Reformation
Catholic Church attempted to reform itself:
• 1530s: Catholic Church strengthened the
Inquisition (forced conversion of nonChristians to Catholicism)
• 1540: Pope recognized Society
of Jesus or Jesuits: group that
worked to spread Catholicism &
combat heresy
• Founded by Ignatius Loyola
Catholic (Counter) Reformation
1543-1563 Catholic Church: Council of Trent
• published the Index of Forbidden Books
• affirm Church authority, beliefs
• affirm concept of purgatory, indulgences, but no more selling them
or church offices
• set up seminaries
• encourage more to honor celibacy rules
• educate people about faith, bible, and Church practices
Results of the Protestant
Reformation
• Appearance of several new religions
– (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Anglicanism/Church of England,
Presbyterianism)
•
•
•
•
•
Kings & rulers gained more political power from HRE
Catholic Church lost power & prestige & LAND
No tolerance for new ideas which disagree w/ Cath
New interest in education
Edit of Nantes- French law, freedom to practice Protestantism