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Propaganda Terms • Ideology: A set of ideas and beliefs that often seem natural, and are instilled in citizens unconsciously through the dominant class. • Indoctrination: The process of inculcating ideas and beliefs without critical reflection or examination. • Control: To exercise authoritative or dominating influence over an individual or group. • Consent: To express willingness, or to comply. What is Propaganda? • Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitudes and perceptions of a community toward a cause or position. • War propaganda glorifies military indoctrination as the highest form of patriotism while simultaneously demonizing the enemies of the state. War Propaganda • Modern governments employ propaganda to incite public outcries for war in order to advance their agendas in foreign policy. • Nazi Germany: The Arian Race • US invasion of Vietnam: Freeing the people of Vietnam and the world of Communism • Rwanda: Dehumanization of fellow citizens, “Cockroaches” • Canada in Afghanistan: Fighting Terrorism and maintaining global and domestic security WWI War Propaganda • H.G Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Conan Doyle were influential in forming or changing public opinion. • British authors support Britain in their war effort, creating hysteria around the Hun enemy. • Created pamphlets dehumanizing the Germans, and their aggressive militarism. The German Hun • The “German Hun” was a perpetuated caricature among the British and French propagandists. • Demonized beyond human recognition, as ape like soldiers who attacked defenseless women and children. • Similar to the extremist Hutus description of the Tutsis as “Cockroaches” Mythology • 1915, the French propaganda unit produce a picture of a Belgian baby without hands claiming the “Hun” chopped them off, and in some accounts claiming they later ate them. • Creates visceral reaction and hysteria. Enemy’s actions are so inhuman that cannot be negotiated with through diplomatic channels. • “Either your with us or with the terrorists”. War Fever • Journalist George Seldes: “ It wasn’t until December 1918, when I came to Coblenz with the American Army that I realized how fooled I had been by all that poisonous propaganda” • Rudyard Kipling: “If any question why we died, tell them, because their fathers lied” Andersen, 2006). Battle of the Somme • • • • • July 1st – November, 1916. British: 420,000 killed French: 200,00 killed Germans: Over 500,000 killed First day of attack British lose nearly 60,000 men • Media coverage inaccurate to say the least Failure of the Media • Journalists were relied on official dispatches or greatly reduced the horrifying truth. • Many journalists felt it was their duty to keep moral high in the home front. • After the British lose 60,000 men on the first day, Philip Gibbs reports: “It is, on balance, a good day for England and France. It is a day of promise in this war” (Andersen, p.12, 2006).